ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The complex interaction between plant viruses and their insect vectors is the basis for the epidemiology of plant viruses. The 'Vector Manipulation Hypothesis' (VMH) was proposed to demonstrate the evolution of strategies in plant viruses to enhance their transmission to new hosts through direct effects on insect vector behavior and/or physiology. However, the aphid vectors used in previous studies were mostly obtained by feeding on virus-infected plants and as a result, it was difficult to eliminate the confounding effects of infected host plants. Furthermore, the mechanisms of the direct effects of plant viruses on insect vectors have rarely been examined comprehensively. RESULTS: We fed Sitobion avenae on an artificial diet infused with a purified suspension of Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) PAV strain to obtain viruliferous aphids. We then examined their growth and reproduction performance, resistance to the parasitoid Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead, and feeding behavior. The results indicate that (1) viruliferous aphids had a shorter life span and a lower relative growth rate at the nymphal stage; (2) A. gifuensis had a lower parasitism rate, mummification rate, and emergence rate in viruliferous aphids; (3) Viruliferous aphids spent more time on non-probing and salivation behavior and had a shorter total duration of penetration and ingestion compared with healthy conspecifics. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that plant virus infection may directly alter vector fitness and behavior that improves plant virus transmission, but not vector growth. These findings highlight the mechanisms of VMH and the ecological significance of vector manipulation by plant viruses, and have implications for plant virus disease and vector management. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
ABSTRACT
How the non-consumptive effects (NCEs) of predators influence the development, survival, fecundity, and population growth of prey has not been well documented, which is the primary consideration for the compatibility of prey with its natural enemies in agricultural ecosystems. We herein employed the age-stage, two-sex life table to examine the NCEs of the predator Coccinella septempunctata on the life-history traits and population growth of prey Sitobion miscanthi via caged predator (prey co-existing with caged predator) and caged prey (predator co-existing with caged prey) treatments with daily different exposure times (i.e., 0 h (control), 12 h, and 24 h). The results indicated that the predation risk of a caged predator could reduce the first nymphal duration and net reproductive rate (R0) of S. miscanthi at 12 h, and the first nymphal duration, preadult duration, and mean generation time (T) at 24 h. However, the predation risk of the caged prey resulted in the prolongation of the pre-adult development time and total pre-reproductive period (TPRP) as well as lowered the intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (ð), R0, life expectancy, and reproductive value of S. miscanthi after both 12 h and 24 h. Furthermore, the predation risk of both the caged predator and caged prey could increase the percent of winged morph at 24 h. These findings indicate that S. miscanthi could respond to the predation risk of the caged predator by either accelerating the developmental rate or reducing the net reproductive rate, while S. miscanthi might reduce their fitness in response to the predation risk of caged prey. Furthermore, S. miscanthi might also alter to winged morphs for dispersal under both of the above treatments. The findings obtained have practical ramifications for managing this economically important pest in wheat production with reduced insecticide applications.
