In vivo genotoxicity and stress defences in three flatfish species exposed to CuSO4.

We have used the comet assay to analyse, after 3h, 24h and 6 days, the genotoxic effect in vivo of applying a single intraperitoneal injection of CuSO4, at a concentration of 2mg/kg, to adult specimens of Solea senegalensis, Dicologlossa cuneata and Scophthalmus rhombus. Metals content (Cu, Zn and Cd) in liver was also measured. The activity of key stress defences was evaluated by analysing antioxidant enzyme activity (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total glutathione peroxidase (t-GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH)), metallothionein (MT) and heat shock proteins (HSP70 and HSP60). The results show that CuSO4 intake generates high and cumulative levels of genotoxicity throughout the 6 days in all 3 species. After 6 days, metals content detected in specimens showed significant differences from controls. Inter-species differences were detected in enzyme activity (P<0.05). A clear response to CuSO4 was detected only in S. rhombus, with an increase of MT and a decrease of HSPs. Variations in antioxidant defence levels and their comparative responses to the stress-inducing agent are discussed.

The plausibility and promptness of some pathological aspects of breast cancer. "DHARMAIS" NCCH.

Breast Cancer (BC) still interest to be discussed, comparison studies from several investigators still in controversial, especially on risk factors of BC, otherwise BC morbidity and mortality were stationary, infact, had a tendency increasing. Epidemiology studies on BC, daily observation for a long period explored that some Indonesian BC cases from different areas were young, plenty of the Indonesian BC cases were admission to hospital in a late stage (TNM III-IV). Western style of life influences on diet, cooking, breast feeding, smoking, etc. Recent studies on bimolecular sciences gave so much hopes on a large scope of human being-non human being, though there were also some threatenings and confusions. On Pathology Molecular, there were so many bimolecular techniques approached to search what was the exactly happening in cellular level of some diseases; so do on carcinogenesis. Searching intracellular abnormalities could be divided into: cellular membrane level, cytoplasmic level, nucleic membrane level, and intranucleus (DNA, RNA) level. Formerly, cytology and histopathology examination had only emphasized the morphological appearances of varied pathological lesions, included Cancer-BC. Recently there were new techniques worldwide well established, well known. Which one we will choose for BC? Benefit?