Chronic Arsenicosis of Cattle in West Bengal and It's Possible Mitigation by Sodium Thiosulfate.

Thirty milch cows having arsenic concentration in hair varying from 3 to 4 mg/kg from Dakhin Panchpota village of Nadia district, West Bengal, were divided into three equal groups where high amount of arsenic is reported to be present in soil and ground water. Groups II and III received, respectively, sodium thiosulfate 20 and 40 g to each animal for 30 days as a pilot study, whereas group I served as untreated control. Arsenic content of milk, feces, hair, and urine was estimated before and after administration of sodium thiosulfate orally at two dose level once daily for 1 month. Paddy straw, mustard oil cake, and water fed by animals were also assayed. Sodium thiosulfate significantly decreased arsenic load in milk, urine, and hair after 1 month. In milk, arsenic concentration was decreased significantly which may be beneficial for animal and human beings.

Chronic arsenicosis in cattle with special reference to its metabolism in arsenic endemic village of Nadia district West Bengal India.

Thirty Milch cattle were selected randomly from a village of Nadia district of West Bengal, India containing high arsenic in water and soil samples. Milk, feces and hair samples were collected to analyze arsenic status in animals. Water and straw samples were also estimated for arsenic. Milk products prepared from milk of cattle rearing in arsenic prone village were also collected to quantify total arsenic and speciation of arsenic in milk and feces samples were also carried out. It was observed that high amount of arsenic was present in milk, feces, hair of cattle and water and straw samples in arsenic prone village. Milk product also contained significant amount of arsenic than that of milk product of control village. Speciation study revealed arsenite fraction was mainly eliminated through milk, whereas organoarsenic species were mainly excreted through feces.

Toxicokinetics and recovery studies of dicamba dimethyl amine salt in goats following single oral administration.

BACKGROUND: Toxicokinetics and recovery studies of dicamba dimethyl amine salt (DDAS) were conducted to obtain more information about its toxicity and tissue retention in farm animals. RESULTS: The minimum oral toxic dose level of DDAS was determined as 1400 mg kg(-1) body weight. In the toxicokinetic study, blood DDAS concentration of 55.6 +/- 0.59 microg mL(-1) (mean +/- standard error) was detected at 0.08 h, which peaked to 102.3 +/- 5.03 microg mL(-1) at 0.25 h, and declined to a minimum of 4.1 +/- 0.06 microg mL(-1) at 36 h. In recovery studies, DDAS concentration in urine began to increase significantly (P < 0.05) from 12 h, peaked at 24 h and declined from 48 h onwards. Maximum excretion through faeces was at 24 h and was complete by 144 h. The residual level in tissues decreased significantly (P < 0.05) on day 7 as compared to day 4. In histopathological studies, cellular alterations in lungs, liver, kidney, adrenal gland and spleen were found. CONCLUSION: DDAS persists in the body for a shorter period and its major excretory route is through urine. DDAS has lower affinity to accumulate in tissues, and intensity of cellular alterations is not severe after single-dose oral administration.

Metabolism of metamitron in goat following a single oral administration of a nontoxic dose level: a continued study.

Disposition kinetic behavior and metabolism studies of metamitron and its metabolite in terms of the parent compound were carried out in black Bengal goats after a single oral administration of a nontoxic oral dose at 30 mg kg(-1) of body weight. Metamitron was detected in the blood sample at 5 min (2.23 +/- 0.04 microg mL(-1)), maximum at 1 h (3.43 +/- 0.02 microg mL(-1)) and minimum at 12 h (0.41 +/- 0.01 microg mL(-1)), after a single oral administration. Metabolite [3-methyl-6-phenyl-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one] in terms of the parent compound was detected in the blood sample at 5 min (0.47 +/- 0.006 microg mL(-1)), maximum at 6 h (5.12 +/- 0.02 microg mL(-1)) and minimum at 96 h (1.06 +/- 0.016 microg mL(-1)), after a single oral administration. The t(1/2 K) and Cl(B) values of metamitron were 3.63 +/- 0.05 h and 1.36 +/- 0.016 L kg(-1) h(-1), respectively, whereas the t(1/2K)(m) and Cl(B)(m) values of the metabolite were 38.15 +/- 0.37 h and 0.091 +/- 0.001 L kg(-1) h(-1), respectively, which suggested long persistence of the metabolite in blood and tissues of goat. Metamitron was excreted through feces and urine for up to 48 and 72 h, whereas the metabolite was excreted for up to 168 and 144 h, respectively. Metabolite alone contributed to 96 and 67% of combined recovery percentage of metamitron and metabolite against the administered dose in feces and urine of goat, respectively. All of the goat tissues except lung, adrenal gland, ovary, testis, and mammary gland retained the metabolite residue for up to 6 days after administration.

Toxicokinetics, recovery, and metabolism of metamitron in goat.

Toxicokinetic behavior and metabolism studies of metamitron and its effect on the cytochrome P(450) content of liver microsomal pellet were carried out in black Bengal goats after a single oral administration at 278 mg kg(-1) and consecutive oral administration of 30 mg kg(-1) for 7 days. Metamitron was detected in the blood sample at 0.08 h (12.0 +/- 0.87 microg mL(-1)), maximum at 4 h (84.3 +/- 8.60 microg mL(-1)) and minimum (14.6 +/- 1.67 microg mL(-1)) at 36 h blood sample after a single oral administration. The absorption rate constant was 0.69 +/- 0.09 h(-1). The Vd(area) (2.00 +/- 0.08 L kg(-1)) and t(1/2)beta (8.98 +/- 0.70 h) values suggested wide distribution and long persistence of the compound in the body. The values of T approximately B (0.80 +/- 0.04), F(c) (0.55 +/- 0.01), Cl(B) (0.15 +/- 0.00 L kg(-1) h(-1)), and K(21) (0.41 +/- 0.03 h(-1)) suggested that metamitron retained in the blood compared to that in the tissue. Maximum concentration of metamitron residue was found in the adrenal gland followed by bile on day 4 of single oral administration. The higher Cl(R) compared to Cl(H) value indicated the excretion of the major portion (34-40%) through urine compared to feces (20-26%). Maximum concentrations of metamitron and its metabolite, deaminometamitron, were excreted through urine and feces at 48 and 24 h samples, respectively. The recovery of metamitron including its metabolite in terms of parent compound varied from 69.3 to 80.1%, of which contribution of metabolite in terms of parent compound varied from 53.1 to 63.0%. Repeated oral administration of metamitron at 30 mg kg(-1) for 7 days caused induction of the cytochrome P(450) content of liver microsomal pellet of goat, suggesting oxidative deamination of metamitron.

Toxicokinetics, recovery, and metabolism of triclopyr butotyl (ACTP) ester in goats.

Toxicokinetic behavior, recovery, and metabolism studies of ACTP ester and its effect on cytochrome P(450) content of liver microsomal pellet were carried out in black Bengal goat after a single intravenous administration of 11.88 mg kg(-1) and consecutive oral administration of 79.22 mg kg(-1) for 7 days. ACTP ester achieved a maximum blood concentration of 42.64 +/- 4.26 microg mL(-1) at 0.08 h after intravenous administration followed by a sharp decline until 0.5 h, and the minimum blood concentration was recorded at 36 h (1.93 +/- 0.14 microg mL(-1)) postdosing. The kinetic behavior of ACTP ester followed a "two-compartment open model". Comparatively shorter alpha (0.81 +/- 0.02 h(-1)) and greater t1/2 (alpha) (0.86 +/- 0.03 h) indicated a slower rate of distribution of ACTP ester in goat. The t1/2(beta)()) (14.83 +/- 1.49 h) and V(d(area)) (0.91 +/- 0.19 L kg(-1)) suggested a longer elimination phase with general distribution in all compartments of the body. The higher T/B and K12/K21 values associated with a lower f(c) value suggested longer persistence in the tissue compartment at higher concentration. The higher Cl(R) compared to Cl(H) indicated the major amount was eliminated by the kidney. Maximum concentration of ACTP ester including its metabolites, triclopyr acid and trichloropyridinol, was excreted through urine at 48 h. The recovery of ACTP ester including metabolites after repeated nontoxic oral dose administration was 70.09%, of which recovery from feces was 4.45%, suggesting the major portion of administered ACTP ester was absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract of the goat. All of the tissues contained ACTP ester and its metabolites. ACTP ester did not alter the cytochrome P(450) content of the liver tissue following repeated nontoxic oral dose administration for 7 days.