Link between parental myopia and early-onset high myopia: Insights from a clinical retrospective analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Genetic aetiology is suspected in the development of early-onset high myopia (spherical equivalent refractive error [SER] ≤-6.00 D at ≤6 years of age), considering that the role of environmental factors in inducing high myopia is improbable at an early age. Therefore, we aimed to understand if early-onset high myopia is associated with parental myopia in a clinical setting. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted in which information about demographics, age of apparent onset of myopia, refractive error, axial length, number of myopic parents, time spent outdoors and time spent on near-work was obtained from electronic medical records (EMR). It included 195 myopic individuals categorised into (1) Early-onset high myopes (EOHM): SER ≤ -6.00 D with age of presentation ≤6 years, (2) Early-onset low myopes (EOLM): SER > -6.00 D with age of apparent onset ≤6 years, (3) Late-onset high myopes (LOHM): SER ≤ -6.00 D with age of presentation and age of apparent onset >6 years and (4) Late-onset low myopes (LOLM): SER > -6.00 D with age of apparent onset >6 years. RESULTS: Overall, 63% of individuals were found to have parental myopia. The proportion of individuals with EOHM, EOLM, LOHM and LOLM with parental myopia was 57%, 74%, 53% and 64%, respectively. After adjustment for age, gender and environmental factors, the odds of development of EOHM (Odds ratio: 0.78, 95% confidence interval: 0.25-2.48), EOLM (1.54, 0.65-3.67) or LOHM (0.70, 0.30-1.65) were similar in the presence of myopic parents, when compared with LOLM. The SER and axial length did not differ based on the number of myopic parents in any of these categories. CONCLUSION: This retrospective analysis reveals that the presence of parental myopia, which was self-reported, did not induce additional risk for early-onset high myopia.

Accuracy and Precision of New Optical Biometer Designed for Myopia Management in Measurement of Ocular Biometry.

SIGNIFICANCE: This study provides information about the repeatability of Myopia Master (Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany) and its agreement with Lenstar LS900, which might be useful for the practitioners involved in myopia management. PURPOSE: Myopia Master is a new optical biometer that measures ocular biometry and refractive error. The purpose of this study was to assess its repeatability (intrasession and short-term intersession) and its agreement with Lenstar LS900 for the measurement of axial length and corneal curvature. METHODS: A total of 304 participants including 254 children (mean ± standard deviation age, 13.7 ± 1.6 years) and 50 adults (24 ± 2.9 years) underwent measurements on Myopia Master and Lenstar LS900 to obtain axial length, flat K, and steep K. On a subset of 30 participants, measurements were obtained with Myopia Master in two sessions that were spread over 10 minutes to assess the short-term intersession repeatability. RESULTS: The mean standard deviation of Myopia Master in the measurement of axial length in the total sample was 0.01 mm for intrasession, when the best three measurements were considered. The short-term intersession mean standard deviation for axial length, flat K, and steep K was 0.06 mm, 0.15 D, and 0.21 D, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in mean values of axial length (-0.04 ± 0.06 mm), flat K (-0.07 ± 0.15 D), and steep K (-0.24 ± 0.29 D) between Lenstar LS900 and Myopia Master, with the Lenstar providing slightly longer axial length and steeper K values. Adults showed better repeatability with Myopia Master and better agreement between the biometers for axial length measurement than children. Neither axial length nor refractive error influenced the repeatability or agreement. CONCLUSIONS: Myopia Master is repeatable for the measurement of axial length and corneal curvature. Considering the differences in axial length between the Myopia Master and Lenstar LS900, caution must be applied when these biometers are used interchangeably.

Is There Any Association between Nutrition and Myopia? A Systematic Review.

SIGNIFICANCE: This systematic review highlights the possible role of nutrition in myopia based on qualitative analysis of vast and diverse literature that investigated this association. PURPOSE: We systematically reviewed the outcomes of the studies that previously investigated the association between nutrition and myopia. METHODS: EMBASE, MEDLINE, and PubMed were searched by two independent authors to identify cross-sectional, cohort, retrospective, or interventional studies that assessed the association of nutrition with myopia from inception to the year 2021. Furthermore, the reference list of the included articles was screened. The data from the included studies were extracted, and qualitative analysis was performed. Quality assessment for noninterventional studies and interventional trials was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and Cochrane RoB 2, respectively. RESULTS: Twenty-seven articles were included in the review. Most of the nutrients and dietary elements investigated in noninterventional studies showed inconsistencies in their association with myopia, with the majority indicating no association. Nine studies showed a significant association of diverse nutrients and dietary elements with either an increase (odds ratio, 1.07) or a decrease (odds ratio, 0.5 to 0.96) in the risk of myopia development. However, a majority of these studies have minimal odds ratios with wider or overlapping confidence intervals, implicating weaker associations. All three nutrients and dietary elements assessed in the interventional trial had implications for myopia control, with two trials indicating a clinically minimal effect. CONCLUSIONS: This review implies that there is some evidence to indicate a potential influence of specific nutrients and dietary elements in myopia development, which are supported by several theories. However, given the vast, diverse, and complex nature of nutrition, more systematic investigation is warranted to comprehend the extent to which these specific nutrients and dietary elements are associated with myopia through longitudinal studies by subduing the limitations in the existing literature.