Is Surgical Intervention the Optimal Therapy for the Treatment of Aortic Valve Stenosis for Patients With Intermediate Society of Thoracic Surgeons Risk Score?

BACKGROUND: Patients at intermediate risk (IR) according to The Society of Thoracic Surgeons risk score are today frequently oriented toward the transfemoral aortic valve replacement (TAVR) option. Our goal was to evaluate the best treatment strategies for IR patients with severe aortic stenosis. METHODS: Of a consecutive series of 1,144 surgical aortic valve replacements (AVRs) performed in our institution between 2008 and 2014, we reviewed the early and late outcomes of two different groups: a low-risk (LR) group of 470 patients, and an IR group of 620. We eliminated from the analysis 54 high-risk patients who were currently candidates for TAVR. All patients underwent surgical AVR with or without concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting. Social Security database interrogation provided long-term information. RESULTS: The early mortality rate (30 days) between LR and IR patients was similar (1.70% vs 2.74%, p = 0.25) and both lower than predicted mortality rates. However, cumulative 5-year survival was significantly higher in LR patients (86.3%) than in IR patients (75.4%; p = 0.0007 by log-rank test), although excellent in IR group. Comparing IR survivors and nonsurvivors, ages at operation were 69.5 ± 12.7 years for survivors vs 75.4 ± 9.6 years for those experiencing late deaths (p = 0.002). Risk factors for late deaths after multivariate analysis were age, hemodialysis, and chronic lung disease. CONCLUSIONS: Most IR patients today should undergo surgical AVR, but because of survival rates combined with still unavailable late structural deterioration rates in TAVR valves, patients in the IR group with high Society of Thoracic Surgeons scores and known risk factors may be better served with TAVR as data regarding late percutaneous valve function accrue.

Percutaneous implantation of an intraventricular device for the treatment of heart failure: experimental results and proof of concept.

BACKGROUND: A percutaneous system to implant a ventricular partitioning device (VPD) has been developed to partition the left ventricular (LV) cavity for treating regional wall motion abnormalities associated with post-left anterior descending (LAD) infarction, dilated left ventricle, and systolic dysfunction. The hemodynamic effects of this novel approach were evaluated in an ovine model with an anteroapical infarction created by a coil placed in the LAD. METHODS AND RESULTS: LV anteroapical infarction (MI) was induced in 10 animals. The VPD device was implanted at 6 weeks after MI in 5 animals. The hemodynamic status of each animal was evaluated at 30 weeks post-MI in treated ("VPD+MI" group, n=5) and nontreated ("MI" group, n=5). The comparison of end-point hemodynamic variables shows a significantly smaller end-systolic LV volume in the animals receiving the implant (70.1+/-9.0 mL in "VPD+MI" group vs. 102.9+/-10.3 mL in "MI" group, P < .02), improved ejection fraction (46.9+/-5.2% in "VPD+MI" group vs. 34.7+/-6.8% in "MI" group, P < .04) and preserved cardiac output (5.2+/-0.7 L/min in "VPD+MI" group vs. 5.0+/-1.8 L/min in "MI" group, P=NS), suggesting more efficient mechanical performance of the LV with the implanted VPD. CONCLUSIONS: A significant reduction in LV volumes and corresponding improvement in LV function occurred after device implantation indicating a potential beneficial effect of this new device in treatment of post MI LV dilation.

Epicardial ultrasonic ablation of atrial fibrillation during concomitant cardiac surgery is a valid option in patients with ischemic heart disease.

BACKGROUND: Surgical therapy of atrial fibrillation concomitant to coronary bypass grafting using epicardial Ultrasound technology was assessed after a minimum 6-month follow-up. METHODS AND RESULTS: A cohort of 98 consecutive patients with a mean age of 72+/-7.58 years and a primary diagnosis of ischemic heart disease had surgery for structural disease. Coronary artery bypass grafting was isolated (n=51) or associated (n=47) with various combinations of aortic, mitral, tricuspid, and left ventricular restoration surgery. Atrial fibrillation duration ranged from 6 to 360 months (mean 71 months) and was permanent in 47 patients, paroxysmal in 34, and persistent in 17. Left atrial mean diameter was 48+/-6.71 mm. A circumferential ablation was performed off-pump, before the concomitant procedure, and was always associated with an epicardial mitral line lesion using the same technology. At 3-, 6-, and 12-month visits, patients were routinely evaluated by physical examination, ECG, chest X-ray, and 24-hour Holter. There were 1 early death (1%) and 4 extracardiac late deaths. A pacemaker was implanted in 4 patients. Mean follow-up time was 325 days, 2 patients being lost to follow-up. Freedom from atrial fibrillation and flutter at the 6-month visit was 84% for the entire population, 76% in patients with permanent, and 91% in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. At the 1-year visit, 85% were free from atrial fibrillation or flutter. CONCLUSIONS: Epicardial beating heart ablation using therapeutic ultrasound is safe, reliable, and can easily treat atrial fibrillation in a difficult surgical population of patients with primary ischemic heart disease.

Surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation with off-pump, epicardial, high-intensity focused ultrasound: results of a multicenter trial.

BACKGROUND: A simplified alternative to the Cox maze procedure to treat atrial fibrillation with epicardial high-intensity focused ultrasound was evaluated clinically, and the initial clinical results were assessed at the 6-month follow-up visit. METHODS: From September 2002 through February 2004, 103 patients were prospectively enrolled in a multicenter study. Atrial fibrillation duration ranged from 6 to 240 months (mean, 44 months) and was permanent in 76 (74%) patients, paroxysmal in 22 (21%) patients, and persistent in 5 (5%) patients. All patients had concomitant operations, and ablation was performed epicardially on the beating heart before the concomitant procedure. The device automatically created a circumferential left atrial ablation around the pulmonary veins in an average of 10 minutes, and an additional mitral line was created epicardially in 35 (34%) patients with a handheld device by using the same technology. RESULTS: No complications or deaths were device or procedure related. There were 4 (3.8%) early deaths and 2 late extracardiac deaths. The 6-month follow-up was complete in all survivors. At the 6-month visit, freedom from atrial fibrillation was 85% in the entire study group (80% in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation, 88% in the 35 patients who had the additional mitral line, and 100% in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation). A pacemaker was implanted in 8 patients. Only the duration and type of atrial fibrillation significantly increased the risk of recurrence. CONCLUSION: Epicardial, off-pump, beating-heart ablation with acoustic energy is safe and cures 80% of patients with permanent atrial fibrillation associated with long-standing structural heart disease.

Rabbit antithymocyte globulin as induction immunotherapy in pediatric heart transplantation.

BACKGROUND: There is little published data on the use of antithymocyte globulins in children. This retrospective study describes the use of Thymoglobulin (Imtix, SangStat, Lyon, France) in pediatric cardiac transplantation over a 13-year period in a single center that adjusted the dose of Thymoglobulin according to platelet count monitoring and examines the short-term hematological effects as well as longer-term outcomes. METHODS: Data for all children who received a heart transplant at the Hôpital Cardiologique at Lyon from 1984 to 2001 and who were given Thymoglobulin as part of their immunosuppressive protocol were extracted. The dose of Thymoglobulin given depended on baseline platelet count and was 2, 1.5, or 1 mg/kg per day over 5 days for the following platelet count groups: greater than 150,000/mm (normal group), 100 to 150,000/mm (mild thrombocytopenia group), and 50 to 100,000/mm (moderate thrombocytopenia group). RESULTS: Thirty children of median age 14.2 years were given a median cumulative dose of Thymoglobulin of 8 mg/kg per patient; the moderate thrombocytopenia subgroup was given significantly less (6.4 mg/kg) ( P=0.032). Immediate tolerability of Thymoglobulin was good, with no cases of first-dose syndrome, anaphylaxis, or serum sickness. The platelet count decreased at the start of therapy, but recovered after discontinuation, and did not give rise to clinical concern. Patients were followed up for a median of 6.3 years (7 days-15.5 years); actuarial survival was 90%, 86%, and 74.5%, respectively, at 1, 5, and 10 years. In the first year, 50% of patients suffered an episode of rejection. The overall incidence of infection in the month following transplantation was 40%. One lymphoma occurred at 5 months. CONCLUSIONS: The use of Thymoglobulin in pediatric heart-transplant patients as part of an immunosuppressive protocol, with dose adjustment according to platelet levels, has been shown to be effective in terms of rejection rate and patient survival and safe in terms of the incidence of infections and malignancy.