Post-thoracotomy pain in children and adolescence: a retrospective cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the prevalence of chronic post-thoracotomy pain, defined as persistent or recurring incisional pain for at least 2 months after thoracotomy, in children. DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional study. SETTING: Quaternary pediatric teaching hospital. SUBJECTS: Patients who underwent a lateral thoracotomy from January 2005 to December 2007 at the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. METHODS: Eligible patients were sent a questionnaire for telephonic completion with a researcher, with assistance from the parents if required. RESULTS: Of the 87 patients eligible to participate, 51 (59%) completed questionnaires. The majority of respondents was male (65%), underwent a single thoracotomy (84%; range 1-3), and were non-elective operations (71%). The median age at first thoracotomy was 5.7 (interquartile range [IQR] 2-14.2) years. The median age at questionnaire completion was 9.0 (IQR 5.4-17.9) years, with 3.6 (IQR 2.8-4.1) years between thoracotomy and time of questionnaire completion. Three patients (6%) scored ≥12 on self-report versions of the Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs pain scale. Of these, only one patient complained of current post-thoracotomy pain. All three patients had a single thoracotomy and were older (mean age 14.2 years) at the time of thoracotomy. The rate of post-thoracotomy pain calculated using the binomial exact method is 1.96% (95% confidence interval 0-10.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Our study reports a low prevalence of post-thoracotomy pain in childhood and adolescence, and stands in contrast to previously published adult data.

Randomized controlled trial comparing pudendal nerve block under ultrasound and fluoroscopic guidance.

BACKGROUND: Although fluoroscopy is an established imaging modality for pudendal nerve block, ultrasound (US) technique allows physicians better visualization of anatomic structures. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness and safety between the US- and fluoroscopy-guided techniques. METHODS: A randomized, single-blind, split-plot design was used to conduct the study. Twenty-three patients undergoing bilateral pudendal nerve blocks received US-guided injections to either the left or right side, whereas the contralateral side received a fluoroscopic-guided injection in randomized sequence. Injections consisted of 4 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine and 40 mg methylprednisone. The primary outcome was the success of the block in the distribution of the pudendal nerve along the perineum, rated as either absent, moderate, or strong. Secondary outcomes were the time to administer the blocks, quality of visualization of anatomic structures using US and fluoroscopy, distance of the final US-guided needle position from the ischial spine, and incidence of adverse effects. RESULTS: No differences in the degree of neural blockade were noted between US- or fluoroscopic-guided techniques for either temperature or pinprick blockade. Time to complete the procedure was significantly longer using US compared with fluoroscopy (219 [SD, 65] and 428 [SD, 151] secs, P < 0.0001). No significant differences were noted regarding the occurrence of adverse effects between the 2 techniques. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound-guided pudendal nerve blockade is as accurate as fluoroscopically guided injections when performed by an experienced clinician. However, the former took a longer time to perform.

Suprascapular nerve block: a narrative review.

Suprascapular nerve blockade (SSNB) is a simple and safe technique for providing relief from various types of shoulder pain, including rheumatologic disorders, cancer, and trauma pain, and postoperative pain due to shoulder arthroscopy. Posterior, superior, and anterior approaches may be used, the most common being the posterior. Recently, an ultrasound-guided approach has been described. In this review, the basic anatomy of the suprascapular nerve will be described. The different techniques of SSNB and indications for SSNB will be discussed. The complications of SSNB and outcomes of SSNB on the management of acute and chronic shoulder pain will be reviewed.

Failed back surgery syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) is a chronic pain condition that has considerable impact on the patient and health care system. Despite advances in surgical technology, the rates of failed back surgery have not declined. The factors contributing to the development of this entity may occur in the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative periods. Due to the severe pain and disability this syndrome may cause, more radical treatments have been utilized. Recent trials have been published that evaluate the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of therapeutic modalities such as spinal cord stimulation for the management of patients with failed back surgery. REVIEW SUMMARY: This article will describe the epidemiology and etiology of FBSS. The importance of prevention will be emphasized. In those patients with established FBSS, a guide to interdisciplinary evaluation and management will be outlined. Special attention will focus on recent trials that have studied the efficacy of more invasive procedures such as spinal cord stimulation. Finally, a suggested management pathway is presented. CONCLUSION: FBSS is a challenging clinical entity with significant impact on the individual and society. To better prevent and manage this condition, knowledge of the factors contributing to its development is necessary. While research on FBSS has increased in recent years, perhaps the best strategy to reduce incidence and morbidity is to focus on prevention. Patients diagnosed with FBSS should be managed in an interdisciplinary environment. More radical treatments for FBSS have now been extensively studied providing clinicians with much needed evidence on their efficacy. Incorporating these results into our current knowledge provides a basis on which to construct an evidence-based guide on how best to manage patients who suffer from FBSS.

A case of sympathetically mediated headache treated with stellate ganglion blockade.

BACKGROUND: Chronic pain following trauma may be mediated in part by the sympathetic nervous system. There is evidence of sympathetic nervous system dysfunction in patients who suffer from posttraumatic headaches. Not all patients will obtain relief from conventional and antineuropathic medications. Furthermore, the development of adverse effects may limit therapeutic dosing or continuation of these medications. CASE REPORT: A pediatric case of posttraumatic headache is described. The patient failed medical therapy, and a single stellate ganglion blockade was performed for possible sympathetic involvement. Following sympathetic blockade, the patient's headaches resolved completely. The analgesia proved to be long lasting as the patient reported no further headaches at monthly follow-up intervals. The patient did not require any further analgesic medication after the single procedure. CONCLUSION: Posttraumatic headache is difficult to treat. Although there is evidence of sympathetic nervous system dysfunction in some patients, the extent to which this influences pain remains to be determined. While most cases are treated with a combination of nonpharmacological and pharmacological measures, sympathetic blockade via the stellate ganglion may be an alternative for those patients not responding to conventional therapy.