Effect of raxibacumab on immunogenicity of Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed: a phase 4, open-label, parallel-group, randomised non-inferiority study.

BACKGROUND: Raxibacumab is a monoclonal antibody against protective antigen, which is the cell-binding part of Bacillus anthracis toxin, and is approved for treatment and postexposure prophylaxis of inhalational anthrax. Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA), for anthrax prophylaxis, consists primarily of adsorbed protective antigen. We did a postapproval study to assess the effect of raxibacumab on immunogenicity of AVA. METHODS: We did an open-label, parallel-group, randomised non-inferiority study at three centres in the USA. We enrolled healthy volunteers (aged 18-65 years) with no evidence of exposure to protective antigen. Participants were randomly allocated (1:1) according to a pregenerated balanced independent randomisation schedule to either subcutaneous 0·5 mL AVA on days 1, 15, and 29 or raxibacumab intravenous infusion (40 mg/kg) immediately before AVA on day 1, followed by AVA only on days 15 and 29. It was an open-label study to investigators and participants; however, the sponsor remained blinded during the study. The primary outcome was the ratio of geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) of anti-protective antigen antibodies (attributable to the immune response to AVA) between AVA and AVA plus raxibacumab 4 weeks after the first AVA dose in the per-protocol population. The per-protocol population comprised all individuals who received the allocated treatment within the protocol-specified visit window and completed the primary study outcome assessment, without a protocol deviation requiring exclusion. The non-inferiority margin for the ratio of GMCs was predefined (upper limit of 90% CI <1·5). This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02339155. FINDINGS: Between Feb 24, 2015, and June 6, 2017, 873 participants were screened for eligibility, of whom 300 were excluded. 573 were randomly allocated either AVA (n=287) or AVA plus raxibacumab (n=286). The per-protocol population comprised 276 individuals assigned AVA and 269 allocated AVA plus raxibacumab. At week 4, the GMC of anti-protective antigen antibodies in participants allocated AVA was 26·5 µg/mL (95% CI 23·6-29·8) compared with 22·5 µg/mL (20·1-25·1) among individuals allocated AVA plus raxibacumab. The ratio between groups was 1·18 (90% CI 1·03-1·35; p=0·0019), which met the predefined non-inferiority margin. Adverse events in the safety population were similar across groups (87 [30%] of 286 in the AVA group vs 80 [29%] of 280 in the AVA plus raxibacumab group) and no treatment-related serious adverse events were reported. INTERPRETATION: Co-administration of raxibacumab with AVA does not negatively affect AVA immunogenicity. This finding suggests that combining raxibacumab with AVA might provide added benefit in postexposure prophylaxis against inhalational anthrax. FUNDING: US Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, and GlaxoSmithKline.

A Novel Inhaled Dry-Powder Formulation of Ribavirin Allows for Efficient Lung Delivery in Healthy Participants and Those with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in a Phase 1 Study.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an inflammatory lung condition, causing progressive decline in lung function leading to premature death. Acute exacerbations in COPD patients are predominantly associated with respiratory viruses. Ribavirin is a generic broad-spectrum antiviral agent that could be used for treatment of viral respiratory infections in COPD. Using the Particle Replication In Nonwetting Templates (PRINT) technology, which produces dry-powder particles of uniform shape and size, two new inhaled formulations of ribavirin (ribavirin-PRINT-CFI and ribavirin-PRINT-IP) were developed for efficient delivery to the lung and to minimize bystander exposure. Ribavirin-PRINT-CFI was well tolerated in healthy participants after single dosing and ribavirin-PRINT-IP was well tolerated in healthy and COPD participants after single and repeat dosing. Ribavirin-PRINT-CFI was replaced with ribavirin-PRINT-IP since the latter formulation was found to have improved physicochemical properties and it had a higher ratio of active drug to excipient per unit dose. Ribavirin concentrations were measured in lung epithelial lining fluid in both healthy and COPD participants and achieved target concentrations. Both formulations were rapidly absorbed with approximately dose proportional pharmacokinetics in plasma. Exposure to bystanders was negligible based on both the plasma and airborne ribavirin concentrations with the ribavirin-PRINT-IP formulation. Thus, ribavirin-PRINT-IP allowed for an efficient and convenient delivery of ribavirin to the lungs while minimizing systemic exposure. Further clinical investigations would be required to demonstrate ribavirin-PRINT-IP antiviral characteristics and impact on COPD viral-induced exacerbations. (The clinical trials discussed in this study have been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under identifiers NCT03243760 and NCT03235726.).

Anamnestic Immune Response and Safety of an Inactivated Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine in Primed Versus Vaccine-Naïve Children.

BACKGROUND: It has not yet been demonstrated whether 2 doses of inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine (IIV4) prime a booster response in infants. We evaluated the anamnestic immune response to an IIV4 in children 17-48 months of age. METHODS: Children were randomized to 2 doses of IIV4 or control in the primary phase III study (NCT01439360). One year later, in an open-label revaccination extension study (NCT01702454), a subset of children who received IIV4 in the primary study (primed group) received 1 IIV4 dose and children who received control in the primary study (unprimed) received 2 IIV4 doses 28 days apart. The primary objective was to evaluate hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers 7 days after first IIV4 vaccination in the per-protocol cohort (N = 224 primed; N = 209 unprimed). Neutralizing and antineuraminidase antibodies were also measured. Safety was analyzed in the total vaccinated cohort (N = 241 primed; N = 229 unprimed). RESULTS: An anamnestic response was observed in primed children relative to unprimed controls, measured by age-adjusted geometric mean HI titer ratios against strains homologous (A/H1N1: 9.0; B/Victoria: 3.9) and heterologous (A/H3N2: 2.7; B/Yamagata: 6.7) to those in the primary vaccination series. The anamnestic response in primed children included increases in neutralizing antibodies (mean geometric increase: 5.0-10.6) and antineuraminidase antibodies (4.9-8.8). No serious adverse events related to vaccination were reported. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, 2-dose priming with IIV4 induced immune memory that was recalled with 1-dose IIV4 the following year to boost HI, antineuraminidase and neutralizing antibodies, even though the IIV4 strain composition partially changed.

Time to Change Dosing of Inactivated Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine in Young Children: Evidence From a Phase III, Randomized, Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND.: Children under 3 years of age may benefit from a double-dose of inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine (IIV4) instead of the standard-dose. METHODS.: We compared the only United States-licensed standard-dose IIV4 (0.25 mL, 7.5 µg hemagglutinin per influenza strain) versus double-dose IIV4 manufactured by a different process (0.5 mL, 15 µg per strain) in a phase III, randomized, observer-blind trial in children 6-35 months of age (NCT02242643). The primary objective was to demonstrate immunogenic noninferiority of the double-dose for all vaccine strains 28 days after last vaccination. Immunogenic superiority of the double-dose was evaluated post hoc. Immunogenicity was assessed in the per-protocol cohort (N = 2041), and safety was assessed in the intent-to-treat cohort (N = 2424). RESULTS.: Immunogenic noninferiority of double-dose versus standard-dose IIV4 was demonstrated in terms of geometric mean titer (GMT) ratio and seroconversion rate difference. Superior immunogenicity against both vaccine B strains was observed with double-dose IIV4 in children 6-17 months of age (GMT ratio = 1.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.64-2.17, B/Yamagata; GMT ratio = 2.13, 95% CI = 1.82-2.50, B/Victoria) and in unprimed children of any age (GMT ratio = 1.85, 95% CI = 1.59-2.13, B/Yamagata; GMT ratio = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.79-2.33, B/Victoria). Safety and reactogenicity, including fever, were similar despite the higher antigen content and volume of the double-dose IIV4. There were no attributable serious adverse events. CONCLUSIONS.: Double-dose IIV4 may improve protection against influenza B in some young children and simplifies annual influenza vaccination by allowing the same vaccine dose to be used for all eligible children and adults.

Immunogenicity and Safety of an Inactivated Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine in US Children 6-35 Months of Age During 2013-2014: Results From A Phase II Randomized Trial.

BACKGROUND: Viruses from 2 influenza B lineages co-circulate, leading to suboptimal protection with trivalent influenza vaccines (TIV). Quadrivalent influenza vaccines (QIV) containing both lineages offer broader protection. METHODS: We compared inactivated seasonal QIV versus TIV (15 and 7.5 µg hemagglutinin [HA] for each influenza strain, respectively) in a phase II randomized (1 : 1), observer-blind trial in US children 6-35 months of age (identifier NCT01974895). The primary objective was to evaluate immune responses induced by QIV for the 4 vaccine strains 28 days after completion of vaccination. A secondary objective was to demonstrate superiority of QIV versus TIV for the B/Victoria strain contained in QIV but not TIV. Immunogenicity was evaluated in the per-protocol cohort (N = 280), and safety was evaluated in the intent-to-treat cohort (N = 314). RESULTS: Seroconversion rates (SCRs) for QIV were 80.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 73.0%-86.6%), 72.0% (95% CI, 63.9%-79.2%), 86.0% (95% CI, 79.2%-91.2%), and 66.4% (95% CI, 58.1%-74.1%) for A/H1N1, A/H3N2, B/Yamagata, and B/Victoria, respectively. Quadrivalent influenza vaccines demonstrated immunogenic superiority over TIV for B/Victoria with a geometric mean titer ratio of 4.73 (95% CI, 3.73%-5.99%) and SCR difference of 54.02% (95% CI, 43.88%-62.87%). Safety was similar between the vaccine groups despite the QIV's higher antigen content. No serious adverse events were reported related to vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: Quadrivalent influenza vaccine (15 µg HA/strain) was immunogenic with an acceptable safety profile. The next phase of its development in children 6-35 months of age is a phase III trial in countries where it is not yet licensed. In countries where it is already licensed, a switch from TIV to QIV would provide broader protection in this vulnerable group.

Evidence update: GlaxoSmithKline's inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccines.

Inactivated trivalent influenza vaccines (IIV3s) are designed to protect against illness caused by two influenza A virus subtypes and one influenza B virus lineage. They may provide inadequate protection due to the co-circulation of viruses from two antigenically distinct influenza B lineages. Incorporating strains from both B lineages as in inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccines (IIV4s) reduces this risk. We summarize the evidence supporting two IIV4s manufactured by GSK Vaccines. Compared to IIV3s, these two IIV4s demonstrated noninferior immunogenicity against the shared influenza strains and superior immunogenicity for the strain of the additional B lineage, particularly in subjects who were seronegative for that B strain. One IIV4's efficacy in children aged 3-8 years was 55.4% against influenza of any severity and 73.1% against moderate-to-severe influenza. Both IIV4s were well-tolerated with a similar safety profile to IIV3s. These IIV4s are more likely than IIV3s to protect against the added influenza B strain.

Immunogenicity and Reactogenicity of an Inactivated Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine Administered Intramuscularly to Children 6 to 35 Months of Age in 2012-2013: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled, Multicenter, Multicountry, Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Influenza attack rates are high in 6- to 35-month-old children; vaccines containing both lineages of influenza B (Yamagata and Victoria), in addition to the H3N2 and H1N1 antigens, may improve protection rates. METHODS: In a randomized double-blind controlled trial, the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of an inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) and a trivalent control vaccine (TIV) were assessed. RESULTS: Six hundred one children (QIV, n = 299; TIV, n = 302) were enrolled at 8 sites in 3 countries. The primary immunogenicity objective was met: the lower limit (LL) of the 2-sided 95% confidence interval (CI) for the seroconversion rate in QIV recipients ranged from 66.6% to 81.3%, which was ≥40% against all 4 strains. The immunogenic superiority of the additional B/Victoria strain in the QIV compared to that in the TIV was confirmed: the LL of the 2-sided 95% CI of the geometric mean titer ratio (QIV/TIV) (6.28 [95% CI, 5.32-7.41]) was greater than 1.5, and the LL of the 2-sided 95% CI for the difference in the seroconversion rate (QIV - TIV) (64.19% [95% CI, 57.65%-69.95%]) was greater than 10%. Injection-site pain and irritability/fussiness were the most commonly reported solicited injection-site and general adverse events, respectively, from days 0 to 6 and were similar in frequency between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: In children aged 6 to 35 months, a QIV has superior immunogenicity for the added B strain and acceptable immunogenicity for shared strains, with no notable difference in reactogenicity and safety when compared to a TIV.

A historically-controlled Phase III study in adults to characterize the acceptability of a process change for manufacturing inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine.

BACKGROUND: An inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) was recently licenced in the US as a thimerosal-free formulation presented in a pre-filled syringe. A multidose presentation is preferred in some settings due to reduced acquisition and cold storage costs. We assessed the immunogenicity and safety of a thimerosal-containing QIV formulated using a new manufacturing process for presentation in multidose vials. METHODS: Two Phase III non-randomized studies separately evaluated inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV; 2010-2011; historical control) and a QIV (2011-2012). The QIV contained the same strains as the TIV plus an additional B strain. Both vaccines contained thimerosal to allow multidose presentation: this preservative was added to the QIV during the final formulation step using a new process, whereas it was added to the TIV early in the manufacturing process using an established method. The TIV study included 50 and 70 subjects aged 18-60 and >60 years, respectively; the QIV study included 56 subjects in each age stratum. Immunogenicity was assessed using hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assays. Reactogenicity was assessed during the 4-day post-vaccination periods and unsolicited adverse events (AEs) were assessed during the 21-day post-vaccination periods. RESULTS: The TIV and QIV were immunogenic in both age strata. With the QIV and TIV respectively, the seroconversion rates were 48.2-62.7% and 71.4-83.7% for influenza A, and 33.9-62.5% and 67.3-72.9% for influenza B. With the QIV and TIV respectively, the seroprotection rates were 92.9-98.2% and 98.2-100% for influenza A, and 88.6-100% and 95.9-98.6% for influenza B. Pre-vaccination titers were higher in the QIV versus TIV study which confounds a direct comparison and likely explains the lower seroconversion rates observed in the QIV study. There were no safety concerns raised with TIV or QIV. CONCLUSIONS: The thimerosal-containing QIV formulated using a new process was immunogenic, conforming to regulatory acceptance criteria, with a reactogenicity and safety profile in line with the TIV manufactured using a licensed process. These results support acceptability of a manufacturing process change in which the thimerosal preservative is added at the point at which batches are filled into multidose vials. TRIAL REGISTRATION: These trials were registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01440387; NCT01153685.

Immunogenicity, reactogenicity, and safety of inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine candidate versus inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine in healthy adults aged ≥18 years: a phase III, randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Two influenza B lineages have been co-circulating since the 1980s, and because inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) contains only one B strain, it provides little/no protection against the alternate B-lineage. We assessed a candidate inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) containing both B lineages versus TIV in healthy adults. METHODS: Subjects received one dose of QIV (lot 1, 2, or 3) or one of two TIVs (B strain from Victoria or Yamagata lineage); randomization was 2:2:2:1:1. Hemagglutination-inhibition assays were performed 21-days post-vaccination; superiority of QIV versus TIV for the alternate B-lineage was demonstrated if the 95% confidence interval (CI) lower limit for the GMT ratio was ≥1.5, and non-inferiority against the shared strains was demonstrated if the 95% CI upper limit for the GMT ratio was ≤1.5. Reactogenicity and safety were assessed during the post-vaccination period. NCT01196975. RESULTS: Immunogenicity of QIV lots was consistent, QIV was superior to TIV for the alternate B-lineage strain, and QIV was non-inferior versus TIVs for shared strains (A/H1N1, A/H3N2, B-strain). Reactogenicity and safety profile of the QIV was consistent with seasonal influenza vaccines. CONCLUSION: QIV provided superior immunogenicity for the added B strain without affecting the antibody response to the TIV strains, and without compromising safety.

Vaccine for prevention of mild and moderate-to-severe influenza in children.

BACKGROUND: Commonly used trivalent vaccines contain one influenza B virus lineage and may be ineffective against viruses of the other B lineage. We evaluated the efficacy of a candidate inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) containing both B lineages. METHODS: In this multinational, phase 3, observer-blinded study, we randomly assigned children 3 to 8 years of age, in a 1:1 ratio, to receive the QIV or a hepatitis A vaccine (control). The primary end point was influenza A or B confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR). Secondary end points were rt-PCR-confirmed, moderate-to-severe influenza and rt-PCR-positive, culture-confirmed influenza. The vaccine efficacy and the effect of vaccination on daily activities and utilization of health care resources were assessed in the total vaccinated cohort (2584 children in each group) and the per-protocol cohort (2379 children in the QIV group and 2398 in the control group). RESULTS: In the total vaccinated cohort, 62 children in the QIV group (2.40%) and 148 in the control group (5.73%) had rt-PCR-confirmed influenza, representing a QIV efficacy of 59.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 45.2 to 69.7), with efficacy against culture-confirmed influenza of 59.1% (97.5% CI, 41.2 to 71.5). For moderate-to-severe rt-PCR-confirmed influenza, the attack rate was 0.62% (16 cases) in the QIV group and 2.36% (61 cases) in the control group, representing a QIV efficacy of 74.2% (97.5% CI, 51.5 to 86.2). In the per-protocol cohort, the QIV efficacy was 55.4% (95% CI, 39.1 to 67.3), and the efficacy against culture-confirmed influenza 55.9% (97.5% CI, 35.4 to 69.9); the efficacy among children with moderate-to-severe influenza was 73.1% (97.5% CI, 47.1 to 86.3). The QIV was associated with reduced risks of a body temperature above 39°C and lower respiratory tract illness, as compared with the control vaccine, in the per-protocol cohort (relative risk, 0.29 [95% CI, 0.16 to 0.56] and 0.20 [95% CI, 0.04 to 0.92], respectively). The QIV was immunogenic against all four strains. Serious adverse events occurred in 36 children in the QIV group (1.4%) and in 24 children in the control group (0.9%). CONCLUSIONS: The QIV was efficacious in preventing influenza in children. (Funded by GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01218308.).

Immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine candidate: a phase III randomized controlled trial in children.

BACKGROUND: Mismatch between circulating influenza B viruses (Yamagata and Victoria lineages) and vaccine strains occurs frequently. METHODS: In a randomized controlled trial, immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine candidate (QIV) versus trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV)-Victoria(Vic) and TIV-Yamagata(Yam) in children 3-17 years of age was evaluated. In an open-label study arm, QIV only was assessed in children 6-35 months of age. RESULTS: A total of 3094 children (932 QIV, 929 TIV-Vic, 932 TIV-Yam, and 301 QIV only) were vaccinated. QIV was noninferior to the TIVs for shared strains (A/H3N2 and A/H1N1) based on hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibodies 28 days after last vaccination, and superior for the unique B strains Victoria and Yamagata (geometric mean titer ratios 2.61, 3.78; seroconversion rate differences 33.96%, 44.63%). Among children in the randomized trial, adverse event rates were similar except for injection site pain (dose 1: 65.4% QIV, 54.6% TIV-Vic, 55.7% TIV-Yam). CONCLUSION: QIV elicited superior HI responses to the added B strains compared to TIV controls, potentially improving its effectiveness against influenza B. HI responses were similar between QIV and TIV controls for the shared strains. QIV had an acceptable safety profile relative to TIVs. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT01198756.

A randomized, controlled trial in children to assess the immunogenicity and safety of a thimerosal-free trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine.

BACKGROUND: Children are at high risk of acquiring and transmitting influenza infection and are a high priority group for influenza vaccination. METHODS: This was a randomized, observer-blind, multicenter study (NCT00980005) based in the United States. Children were randomized (1:1) to receive either the study vaccine, a thimerosal-free trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine or an active comparator (control vaccine) and were allotted to 1 of 3 age categories: 3-4, 5-8 and 9-17 years. The primary objective was to show noninferiority of the study vaccine versus a US- licensed control influenza vaccine. RESULTS: A total of 2116 children were vaccinated (study vaccine N = 1055, control vaccine N = 1061). The predefined noninferiority criteria and the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research criteria for clinical benefit were met for all 3 seasonal virus strains in all children and each age strata. The ratios of the adjusted geometric mean titers (control vaccine over study vaccine) ranged from 0.93 to 1.03 for the 3 virus strains whereas the differences in seroconversion rate (control vaccine minus study vaccine) were between -2.42% and -1.60%. Postvaccination geometric mean titers (range: 213.7-414.7 versus 200.2-451.9) and seroconversion rates (range: 59.8-81.1% versus 58.2-78.6%) were comparable for the 2 vaccines. The safety and reactogenicity profiles were similar for both treatment groups in all age strata. CONCLUSIONS: Immunologic noninferiority of the study vaccine was demonstrated compared with the control vaccine. Furthermore, the study vaccine had a similar safety profile as the control vaccine in children.

Immunogenicity and Safety of 2 Dose Levels of a Thimerosal-Free Trivalent Seasonal Influenza Vaccine in Children Aged 6-35 Months: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Improved influenza vaccine strategies for infants and preschool children are a high priority. METHODS: The immunological response and safety of a thimerosal-free trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine at 2 different doses (0.50 mL vs 0.25 mL) was evaluated in children aged 6-35 months. The study was randomized, observer blind, multicenter, and stratified by age (6-23 months and 24-35 months), and it accounted for prior influenza immunization status. RESULTS: Three hundred seventy-four children were in the total vaccinated cohort (study vaccine 0.25-mL dose, n = 164; 0.50-mL dose, n = 167; comparator 0.25 mL, n = 43). Regulatory criteria for immunogenicity of influenza vaccines in adults were met for all virus strains and doses for both age strata. A modest but not statistically significant improvement in immune responses was observed with the higher dose and reactogenicity, and safety of the 2 doses was not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: The 0.5-mL dose of the study vaccine, when administered to children aged 6-35 months, resulted in a modest but not statistically significant improvement in immunogenicity with clinically similar safety and reactogenicity compared with the 0.25-mL dose. Further studies comparing full- and half-dose influenza vaccine in young children are needed. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT00778895.

Immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine when coadministered with Diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis and haemophilus influenzae type B vaccines in children 15 months of age.

BACKGROUND: This study (NCT00197236) evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of a hepatitis A virus (HAV) vaccine when coadministered with diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTaP) and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccines in children 15 months of age. METHODS: This was an open-labeled, multicenter study with healthy subjects enrolled and randomized (1:1:1) into 3 treatment groups. A total of 394 subjects received the first study vaccinations at 15 months of age. Group HAV (N = 135) received 2 doses of HAV vaccine 6 to 9 months apart. Group HAV+DTaP+Hib (N = 127) received HAV vaccine coadministered with DTaP and Hib vaccines and the second dose of HAV vaccine, 6 to 9 months later. Group DTaP+Hib→HAV (N = 132) received the DTaP and Hib vaccines at 15 months of age, followed by HAV vaccine 30 days later and the second dose of HAV vaccine 7 to 10 months after the DTaP+Hib vaccines. Immune responses were evaluated before the first study vaccination and 30 days after each vaccine dose. Solicited, unsolicited, and serious adverse events were collected. RESULTS: After 2 doses of the HAV vaccine, all subjects in the 3 groups were seropositive. The geometric mean concentration of anti-HAV antibodies ranged between 1625.1 and 1904.4 mIU/mL. Coadministration of the 3 vaccines did not impact immunogenicity of the HAV, DTaP, or Hib vaccines. Vaccines were well tolerated in all groups. CONCLUSIONS: A 2-dose schedule of HAV vaccine was well tolerated and immunogenic when administered to children starting at 15 months of age. Immune responses to the DTaP or Hib vaccines were similar whether they were administered alone or were coadministered with the HAV vaccine.

A new DTPw-HBV/Hib vaccine: immune memory after primary vaccination and booster dosing in the second year of life.

The response to booster vaccination at 15-18 months of age and the presence of immune memory in 10-month old children, primed with a new combined diphtheria-tetanus-hepatitis B-whole cell pertussis vaccine extemporaneously mixed with Haemophilus influenzae type b-tetanus toxoid conjugate (DTPw-HBV/Hib) from new antigen sources and containing 2.5 microg polyribosyl-ribitol-phosphate (PRP) was assessed. Primary vaccination with the new DTPw-HBV/Hib vaccine was immunogenic and of comparable tolerability to commercially available Tritanrix HepB/Hiberix. Children were boosted with DTPw-HBV, DTPw-HBV/Hib or separate DTPw-HBV+Hiberix. Immune memory was assessed through administration of 10 microg PRP polysaccharide. Anti-PRP antibody GMCs increased substantially after the challenge in DTPw-HBV/Hib-primed subjects indicating the presence of immune memory. One month after the booster dose, 100% of subjects had seroprotective antibody concentrations against PRP, diphtheria and tetanus, >95% were seroprotected against hepatitis B, > or =94.0% had a pertussis booster response. Substantial increases in antibody GMCs against all antigens were observed. Swelling >20 mm was the most common Grade 3 solicited symptom reported (up to 26.0% of subjects). Fever >39.5 degrees C was uncommon (>2.5%). Eleven large swelling reactions were reported; none involved an adjacent joint. One serious adverse event occurred that was considered unrelated to vaccination. This new DTPw-HBV/Hib vaccine with new vaccine components and 2.5 microg PRP induced effective priming against Hib evidenced by a vigorous anamnestic response on exposure to PRP polysaccharide. The booster dose was immunogenic and the safety profile was acceptable. Combined DTPw-HBV and DTPw-HBV/Hib vaccines using new vaccine antigen sources will promote continued supply of combined DTPw-based vaccines to global mass vaccination campaigns.