Neuroprotective effect of Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy in oxidative stress model of cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury and assessment of MAP2 in rats.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy commonly known as Shankhapushpi, is traditionally prescribed for nerve debility, loss of memory, epilepsy and as nervine tonic. Plant also proved to have diverse pharmacological activity but the neuroprotection in ischemic stroke were not found. AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate the effect of Convolvulus pluricaulis against bilateral common carotid artery (BCCA) occlusion induced cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The neuroprotective activity of Convolvulus pluricaulis against bilateral common carotid artery (BCCA) occlusion induced cerebral ischemic reperfusion (I/S) injury. Sprague-Dawley rats of either sex (200-250 g) were divided into nine groups of 8 rats each. Sham and control group, saline treated 10 ml/kg orally. Third group treated with Quercetin 25 mg/kg orally and fourth to ninth groups treated with chloroform and ethanol extract of Convolvulus pluricaulis 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg (p.o.) respectively. Control, Quercetin and extract treated groups underwent 30 min BCCA occlusion and 24 h reperfusion on 10th day but sham underwent same surgery without BCCA occlusion and 24 h reperfusion on 10th day. The antioxidant enzymatic and non-enzymatic levels were estimated by UV spectroscopic method and cerebral infarction area, Blood brain barrier disruption, microtubule-associated protein 2 immunohistochemical and histopathological studies were carried out. RESULTS: The results of the study indicate that the chloroform and ethanol extract of Convolvulus pluricaulis showed neuroprotective activity by a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation (p < 0.001) and an increase in superoxide dismutase (p < 0.01, p < 0.001), catalase (p < 0.01, p < 0.001), glutathione (p < 0.001), and total thiol (p < 0.001) levels in extract-treated groups as compared to control group. Measurement of cerebral infarction area, blood brain barrier disruption, microtubule-associated protein 2 immunohistochemical and histopathological studies further supported the protective effect of the extract. CONCLUSIONS: Present study revile that Convolvulus pluricaulis has potent neuroprotection against bilateral common carotid artery (BCCA) occlusion induced cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury.

Neuroprotective activity of gossypin from Hibiscus vitifolius against global cerebral ischemia model in rats.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of gossypin (isolated from Hibiscus vitifolius) against global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury-induced oxidative stress in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sprague Dawlet rats of wither gender were used in the study. Evaluation of cerbroprotective activity of bioflavonoid gossypin (in 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg oral doses) isolated from H. vitifolius was carried out by using the global cerebral I/R model by bilateral carotid artery occlusion for 30 min, followed by 24 h reperfusion. The antioxidant enzymatic and non-enzymatic levels were estimated along with histopathological studies. RESULT: Gossypin showed dose-dependent neuroprotective activity by significant decrease in lipid peroxidation (P < 0.001) and increase in the superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione and total thiol levels in gossypin treated groups when compared to control group. Cerebral infarction area was markedly reduced in gossypin treated groups when compared to control group. CONCLUSION: Gossypin showed potent neuroprotective activity against global cerebral I/R injury-induced oxidative stress in rats.

A rat model against chemotherapy plus radiation-induced oral mucositis.

OBJECTIVES: Present study was aimed at developing an experimental model of oral mucositis in rats using a combination of chemotherapeutic agent and radiation. STUDY DESIGN: Female Wistar rats (150-200 g) were divided into 3 groups (n = 6). Rats in group 1 (normal control) and group 2 (mucositis control) were treated with vehicle. Rats in group 3 were treated with l-glutamine (1 g/kg, p.o.; 15 days) before and after mucositis induction. Oral mucositis was induced by busulfan (6 mg/kg, p.o.; 4 days) and the tongue exposed to infrared (IR) radiation of intensity 40 mV/cm(2) for 5 s on the 1st, 4th and 10th days of challenge using a tail flick apparatus. Parameters monitored were body weight, food intake, blood count and survival. Oral mucositis score (OMS) was recorded daily. Histological changes of the irradiated tongue were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. RESULTS: Busulfan and IR radiation significantly reduced body weight and food intake of the mucositis control group as compared to normal control. Clear ulceration of the tongue reflected in the OMS. Histopathology of the tongue revealed intense lymphocytic infiltration, decreased thickness of squamous epithelial cell layer, decrease in number of blood vessels, and necrosis of cells along with pseudo-membrane formation in the mucositis control group. These findings suggested that oral mucositis was successfully induced and treatment with l-glutamine partially reversed these conditions. CONCLUSION: Oral mucositis was established successfully in rats by the combination of chemotherapeutic agent and IR radiation. This may be a useful model for screening drugs in the treatment of oral mucositis.

Neuroprotective activity of Stereospermum suaveolens against global cerebral ischemia rat model.

CONTEXT: Stereospermum suaveolens DC. (Bignoniaceae) is a medicinal tree species native to India. Traditionally, the whole plant is used for various diseases including neuronal disorders. OBJECTIVE: The present study evaluated the neuroprotective activity of Stereospermum suaveolens against global cerebral ischemia in a rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Neuroprotective activity was carried out by global cerebral ischemia on Sprague-Dawley rats and divided into five groups of eight rats each; sham and control groups received normal saline (10 ml/kg) and treated groups received methanol extract of Stereospermum suaveolens (MES) orally (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) for 10 days prior to the experiment. Global cerebral ischemia was induced by bilateral carotid artery (BCA) occlusion for 30 min followed by 4-h reperfusion. The antioxidant enzymatic and non-enzymatic levels were estimated by UV spectroscopic method along with cerebral infarction area; histopathological studies were carried out. RESULTS: LD50 of MES was found to be 5000 mg/kg of body weight. The entire test was performed at dose levels 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg of body weight. The results of the study indicate that the Stereospermum suaveolens methanol extract showed neuroprotective activity by a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation (p < 0.001) and an increase in superoxide dismutase (p < 0.01), catalase (p < 0.01), glutathione (p < 0.001), and total thiol (p < 0.001) levels in extract-treated groups as compared to control group. Measurement of cerebral infarction area and histopathological studies further supported the protective effect of the extract. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: These findings suggest a potential protective role of Stereospermum suaveolens against global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain injury.

Neuroprotective activity of Stereospermum suaveolens DC against 6-OHDA induced Parkinson's disease model.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the neuroprotective effect of Stereospermum suaveolens DC on 6-hydroxy dopamine induced Parkinson's disease model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted on Sprague-Dawley rats where parkinson's disease was induced by producing the striatal 6-hydroxy dopamine lesions. The test animals received methanolic extract of Stereospermum suaveolens at dose of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg for 42 days. Behavioral assessment, spontaneous locomotor activity and muscular coordination were studied. Antioxidant levels, striatal infraction area were assessed and histopathological studies were carried out. RESULTS: The Stereospermum suaveolens DC methanolic extract showed significant dose dependent increase in behavioral activity, improved muscular coordination. Significant reduction of lipid peroxidation (LPO), increased antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and non-enzymatic activity of glutathione (GSH) and total thiol levels in extract treated groups was observed in test groups as compared to control group. Striatal infarction area was significantly reduced in extract treated groups as compared to control group. CONCLUSION: The methanolic extract of Stereospermum suaveolens DC showed neuroprotective activity against 6-hydroxy dopamine induced Parkinson's disease in rats.

Anti-allergic activity of German chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) in mast cell mediated allergy model.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Chamomile is most popular used medicinal plant and extensively consumed as a tea or tisanes. Traditionally this plant was used for treatment of many ailments such as allergy disorders and inflammatory mediated diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY: We investigated the effects of anti-allergic activity of Matricaria recutita L. on mast cell mediated allergic models. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The protective effect of methanol extract of Matricaria recutita against compound 48/80 induced anaphylaxis and pruritis models for acute phase of hypersensitivity reactions were carried out. The late phase hypersensitivity reactions by compound 48/80 induced mast cell degranulation and histamine release from blood along with serum nitric oxide (NO), rat peritoneal fluid nitric oxide (NO) and bronchoalveolar fluid nitric oxide (NO) levels were measured. RESULTS: The methanol extract of Matricaria recutita L. showed inhibitory effects on anaphylaxis induced by compound 48/80 and significant dose dependent anti-pruritis property was observed by inhibiting the mast cell degranulation. Mast cell membrane stabilization activity was also observed in compound 48/80 induced mast cell activation. Dose dependent reduction in the histamine release, along with decreased release of serum, rat peritoneal and BAL fluid nitric oxide (NO) levels were observed. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the methanol extract of Matricaria recutita showed potent anti-allergic activity by inhibition of histamine release from mast cells.

Neuroprotective activity of Matricaria recutita against fluoride-induced stress in rats.

CONTEXT: Oxidative stress plays a key role in pathophysiology of many neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and so on. Although Matricaria recutita L. (Asteraceae), German chamomile, is traditionally used for central nervous system (CNS)-related diseases, its antistress properties have received little attention. OBJECTIVE: The present study evaluated the neuroprotective effect of German chamomile against aluminium fluoride (AlF4⁻)-induced oxidative stress in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Sprague-Dawley rats of either sex (200-250 g) were selected and grouped as: group I received normal saline; group II received AlF4⁻ (negative control); groups III, IV, and V received 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg, orally, German chamomile methanol extract (GCME) along with AlF4⁻; and group VI received quercetin (25 mg/kg, i.p.) + AlF4⁻, respectively. After 10 days treatment with GCME, oxidative stress was induced by administering AlF4⁻ through drinking water for 7 days. Then, the protective antioxidant enzyme levels were measured and the histopathological studies were carried out. RESULTS: The GCME showed dose-dependent neuroprotective activity by significant decrease in lipid peroxidation (LPO) and increase in the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), and total thiol levels in extract-treated animals as compared with negative control group (P < 0.001). The histopathological studies also revealed the potent neuroprotective action of German chamomile against oxidative brain damage. CONCLUSION: The present study for the first time shows potent neuroprotective activity of the methanol extract of German chamomile against AlF4⁻-induced oxidative stress in rats.

Influence of esomeprazole on hypoglycemic activity of oral antidiabetic agents in rats and rabbits.

Gastrointestinal symptoms are fairly common in diabetes mellitus. Glimepride, is a latest second generation sulfonylurea used for the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus, is a insulin secrectagogue; indirectly, it also increases insulin secretion and its specific effect on pancreatic ATP-dependent K(+) channel inhibition. Esomeprazole, the (S)-isomer of omeprazole, is the first proton pump inhibitors developed as a single isomer for the treatment of acid-peptic diseases by specific inhibition of H(+)/K(+)-ATPase in gastric parietal cell. Since there is possibility for drug interaction leading to decreased activity of glimepride, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the combination. Studies in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats were conducted with oral doses of 135 µg/kg bd.wt. of glimepride, 3.6 mg/kg bd.wt. of esomeprazole, and their combination with adequate washout periods in between treatments. Studies in normal rabbits were conducted with doses 70 µg/1.5 kg bd. wt. of glimepride, 1.8 mg/1.5 kg bd. wt. of esomeprazole, and their combination given orally. The blood samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 18, 24 h and analyzed for glucose levels by GOD/POD method and insulin in diabetic rats by radioimmunoassay methods. Glimepride produced hypoglycaemic/antidiabetic activity in normal and diabetic rats activity with peak activity maximum at 4 h and hypoglycemic activity in normal rabbits maximum at 4 h and esomeprazole increases the insulin levels in diabetic rats. The study also suggests the necessity to readjust the dose of glimepride, when used concomitantly with esomeprazole.

Anti-osteoporotic activity of aqueous-methanol extract of Berberis aristata in ovariectomized rats.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Traditionally Berberis aristata is employed for its supposed properties in treatment of joint pain and also used in alleviating symptoms of menopause. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the antiosteoporotic effect of Berberis aristata in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into sham and OVX groups. The OVX rats were further divided into four groups, which received standard estrogen (0.0563 mg/kg) and 100, 300, and 500 mg/kg aqueous-methanol extract of Berberis aristata, daily for 42 days. The uterine weight, bone loss, ash content, biomechanical, biochemical and histopathological observation were carried out for antiosteoporotic activity. RESULTS: The experimental animals treated with Berberis aristata aqueous-methanol extract showed dose dependent activity. The significant increase in uterine weight, femur BMD, ash content and lumbar hardness were observed. In addition, increased levels of calcium and phosphorus in serum and significant decreased in urine were observed as compared to control OVX group. The histopathological results also confirm the protective effect of extract. CONCLUSION: The present findings strongly suggest that Berberis aristata possess the potent antiosteoporosis activity in ovariectomized rats and substantiates the ethnic use in treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Spectroscopic, magnetic and thermal studies of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes of 3-acetylcoumarin-isonicotinoylhydrazone and their antimicrobial and anti-tubercular activity evaluation.

Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes with a new heterocyclic Schiff base derived by the condensation of isonicotinoylhydrazide and 3-acetylcoumarin have been synthesized. ¹H, ¹³C and 2D HETCOR NMR analyses confirm the formation of title compound and existence of the same in two isomeric forms. The metal complexes were characterized on the basis of various spectroscopic techniques like electronic, EPR, IR, ¹H and ¹³C NMR studies, elemental analysis, magnetic properties and thermogravimetric analysis, and also by the aid of molar conductivity measurements. It is found that the Schiff base behaves as a monobasic tridentate ligand coordinating in the imidol form with 1:1 metal to ligand stoichiometry. Trigonal bipyramidal geometry has been assigned for Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes, while tetrahedral for Co(II) and Zn(II) complexes. The compounds were subjected to antimicrobial and anti-tubercular activity screening using serial broth dilution method and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) is determined. Zn(II) complex has shown significant antifungal activity with an MIC of 6.25 µg/mL while Cu(II) complex is noticeable for antibacterial activity at the same concentration. Anti-TB activity of the ligand has enhanced on complexation with Co(II) and Ni(II) ions.

Hepatoprotective activity of Stereospermum suaveolens against CCl4-induced liver damage in albino rats.

The present study aims to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of Stereospermum suaveolens DC (Bignoniaceae). Hepatoprotective activity is studied by carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced liver damage in albino rats. The degree of protection in this activity has been measured by using biochemical parameters such as serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, LDL-cholesterol and SOD, CAT, GSH, total thiols, NO, and lipid peroxidation in liver tissue homogenate. The results suggest that the methanol stem bark extract of Stereospermum suaveolens at the doses 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg and reference standard Liv-52 treated group produced significant (p <0.001) hepatoprotection against CCl(4)-induced liver damage by decreasing the activities of serum enzymes, bilirubin and lipid peroxidation. The extract significantly (p <0.001) increased levels of SOD, CAT, GSH and total thiols, as compared to control group. Histopathological studies further substantiate the protective effect of the extract. It was concluded that methanol stem bark extract of Stereospermum suaveolens showed effective hepatoprotective activity.

Evaluation of anti-allergic activity of gossypin and suramin in mast cell-mediated allergy model.

The mast cell-mediated allergic reactions are involved in many allergic diseases, such as asthma, allergic rhinitis and sinusitis. Stimulation of mast cells initiates the process of degranulation, resulting in the release of mediators such as histamine and an array of inflammatory cytokines. In this report, we investigated the effect of gossypin (a biflavonoid) and suramin (a synthetic polysulphonated naphtylurea) on the mast cell-mediated allergy model, and studied the possible mechanism of their action. Both gossypin and suramin inhibited (P<0.001) compound 48/80-induced systemic anaphylaxis reactions, antiprurities (P<0.001) and reduced the histamine release in rats. Further, both showed significant (P<0.001) protection against rat peritoneal mast cells activated by compound 48/80. Thus, our findings provide evidence that gossypin and suramin inhibit mast cell-derived allergic reactions.

Antiallergic activity of Aristolochia bracteolata Lank in animal model.

Antiallergic activity of Aristolochia bracteolata was evaluated by using compound 48/80 induced anaphylaxis, dermatitis rhinitis and pruritus, as a preclinical model for acute phase of hypersensitivity reactions. The late phase hypersensitivity was evidenced by considering toluidine diisocyanate induced volume of bronchoalveolar fluid secretion and its inhibition. The possible antiallergic mechanism was evaluated by using compound 48/80 induced mast cell activation and estimated serum nitric oxide (NO), rat peritoneal fluid NO, bronchoalveolar fluid NO and blood histamine levels. The present study implied that the chloroform extract of Aristolochia bracteolata had potent and significant inhibitory effect on compound 48/80 induced pruritus and dermatitis activity in Swiss albino mice. It showed significant effect in toluidine diisocyanate induced rhinitis in swiss albino mice. Mast cell membrane stabilization activity was also observed in compound 48/80 induced mast cell activation. A significant reduction was observed in serum nitrate levels, rat peritoneal fluid nitrate levels and BAL nitrate levels. The extract was also found to possess significant inhibitory effect on blood histamine levels. It could be concluded that chloroform extract of A. bracteata possess potent antiallergic activity, possibly through mast cell membrane stabilization, inhibiting NO and histamine pathway.

Neuroprotective activity of Matricaria recutita Linn against global model of ischemia in rats.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Traditionally, the whole plant is used for various diseases, including neuronal disorders. AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the neuroprotective effect of Matricaria recutita L. against global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury-induced oxidative stress in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Neuroprotective activity was carried out by global cerebral ischemia on Sprague-Dawley rats by bilateral carotid artery (BCA) occlusion for 30 min followed by 60 min reperfusion. The antioxidant enzymatic and non-enzymatic levels were estimated along with cerebral infarction area and histopathological studies. RESULTS: The Matricaria recutita L. methanolic extract showed dose-dependent neuroprotective activity by significant decrease in lipid peroxidation (LPO) and increase in the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) and total thiol levels in extract treated groups as compared to ischemia/reperfusion group. Cerebral infarction area was significantly reduced in extract treated groups as compared to ischemia/reperfusion group. CONCLUSION: The methanolic extract of Matricaria recutita L. showed potent neuroprotective activity against global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury-induced oxidative stress in rats.