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1.
Pharmaceuticals (Basel) ; 17(5)2024 May 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38794153

ABSTRACT

The ancient Chinese medical book "Compendium of Materia Medica" records that pears can relieve symptoms of respiratory-related diseases. Previous research has shown that pear Pyrus Pyrifolia (Burm.f.) Nakai has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-photoaging protective effects of Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm.f.) Nakai seed components have not been studied. Ultraviolet light (UV) causes skin inflammation, damages the skin barrier, and is an important cause of skin photoaging. Therefore, UV light with a wavelength of 365 nm was used to irradiate HaCaT and mice. Western blot, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and fluorescence imaging system were used to explore its anti-UVA mechanism. Dialysis membrane and nuclear magnetic resonance were used for the chemical constituent analysis of pear seed water extract (PSWE). We found that PSWE can significantly reduce UVA-induced skin cell death and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation and can inhibit the mRNA expression of UVA-induced cytokines (including IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α). In addition, PSWE can also reduce the generation of oxidative stress within skin cells. In vivo experimental studies found that PSWE pretreatment effectively reduced transepidermal water loss, inflammation, redness, and dryness in hairless mice. The molecular weight of the active part of pear water extract is approximately 384. Based on the above results, we first found that pear seeds can effectively inhibit oxidative stress and damage caused by UVA. It is a natural extract with antioxidant properties and anti-aging activity that protects skin cells and strengthens the skin barrier.

2.
Mar Drugs ; 21(8)2023 Aug 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37623728

ABSTRACT

Atopic dermatitis (AD, eczema) is a condition that causes dry, itchy, and inflamed skin and occurs most frequently in children but also affects adults. However, common clinical treatments provide limited relief and have some side effects. Therefore, there is a need to develop new effective therapies to treat AD. Epi-oxyzoanthamine is a small molecule alkaloid isolated from Formosan zoanthid. Relevant studies have shown that zoanthamine alkaloids have many pharmacological and biological activities, including anti-lymphangiogenic functions. However, there are no studies on the use of epi-oxyzoanthamine on the skin. In this paper, epi-oxyzoanthamine has been shown to have potential in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Through in vitro studies, it was found that epi-oxyzoanthamine inhibited the expression of cytokines in TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells, and it reduced the phosphorylation of MAPK and the NF-κB signaling pathway. Atopic dermatitis-like skin inflammation was induced in a mouse model using 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in vivo. The results showed that epi-oxyzoanthamine significantly decreased skin barrier damage, scratching responses, and epidermal hyperplasia induced by DNCB. It significantly reduced transepidermal water loss (TEWL), erythema, ear thickness, and spleen weight, while also increasing surface skin hydration. These results indicate that epi-oxyzoanthamine from zoanthid has good potential as an alternative medicine for treating atopic dermatitis or other skin-related inflammatory diseases.


Subject(s)
Dermatitis, Atopic , Dinitrochlorobenzene , Adult , Child , Humans , Animals , Mice , Dermatitis, Atopic/chemically induced , Dermatitis, Atopic/drug therapy , Skin , Pruritus , Keratinocytes
3.
Int J Mol Sci ; 23(17)2022 Aug 30.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36077254

ABSTRACT

Boswellic acids, triterpenoids derived from the genus Boswellia (Burseraceae), are known for their anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor efficacy. Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, non-infectious inflammatory skin disease. However, the effects of α-boswellic acid on atopic dermatitis have not been studied. Therefore, in this study we examined the expression level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, histopathological analysis, and physiological data from BALB/c mice with atopic-like dermatitis induced by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene and TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated HaCaT cells to better understand the agent's anti-atopic dermatitis efficacy. First, we found that α-boswellic reduced the epidermal thickening, mast cell numbers, and dermal infiltration of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced atopic-like dermatitis in BALB/c mice. Furthermore, we also found that α-boswellic acid can restore transepidermal water loss and skin reddening in mice. In human keratinocytes inflamed by TNF-α/IFN-γ, α-boswellic acid inhibited MAP kinase activation and showed a reduction in NF-κB nuclear translocation. Finally, α-boswellic acid can reduce the expression level of cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-6, and IL-8) following the stimulation of TNF-α/IFN-γ in HaCaT cells. Taken together, our study suggests that α-boswellic acids are a potential component for the development of anti-atopic dermatitis drugs.


Subject(s)
Dermatitis, Atopic , Triterpenes , Animals , Cytokines/metabolism , Dermatitis, Atopic/chemically induced , Dermatitis, Atopic/drug therapy , Dermatitis, Atopic/metabolism , Dinitrochlorobenzene/toxicity , HaCaT Cells , Humans , Interferon-gamma/genetics , Interferon-gamma/metabolism , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , NF-kappa B/metabolism , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Skin/metabolism , Triterpenes/metabolism , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
4.
Molecules ; 27(9)2022 Apr 19.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35565961

ABSTRACT

Atopic dermatitis (eczema) is a condition that makes skin red and itchy. Though common in children, the condition can occur at any age. Atopic dermatitis is persistent (chronic) and tends to recur periodically. It may be accompanied by asthma or hay fever. No cure has been found for eczema. Therefore, it is very important to develop ingredients that aid the prevention and treatment of atopic dermatitis. Cycloheterophyllin is derived from Artocarpus heterophyllus and has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, it still is not understood whether cycloheterophyllin is an anti-atopic dermatitis agent. Keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) and BALB/c mice for inducing AD-like cutaneous lesions were used to evaluate the potential of cycloheterophyllin as an anti-atopic dermatitis agent. The release of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by treatment of TNF-α/IFN-γ was reduced after pretreatment with cycloheterophyllin. The inhibitory effects could be a contribution from the effect of the MAP kinases pathway. Moreover, the symptoms of atopic dermatitis (such as red skin and itching) were attenuated by pretreatment with cycloheterophyllin. Epidermal hyperplasia and mast cell infiltration were decreased in the histological section. Finally, damage to the skin barrier was also found to recover through assessment of transepidermal water loss. Taken together, prenylflavone-cycloheterophyllin from Artocarpus heterophyllus is a potential anti-atopic dermatitis ingredient that can be used in preventing or treating the condition.


Subject(s)
Dermatitis, Atopic , Eczema , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use , Cytokines/metabolism , Dermatitis, Atopic/chemically induced , Dermatitis, Atopic/drug therapy , Dermatitis, Atopic/metabolism , Dinitrochlorobenzene/metabolism , Eczema/pathology , Flavonoids , HaCaT Cells , Humans , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Skin
5.
Molecules ; 27(5)2022 Feb 25.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35268651

ABSTRACT

Gold has always been regarded as a symbol of nobility, and its shiny golden appearance has always attracted the attention of many people. Gold has good ductility, molecular recognition properties, and good biocompatibility. At present, gold is being used in many fields. When gold particles are as small as several nanometers, their physical and chemical properties vary with their size in nanometers. The surface area of a nano-sized gold surface has a special effect. Therefore, gold nanoparticles can, directly and indirectly, give rise to different biological activities. For example, if the surface of the gold is sulfided. Various substances have a strong chemical reactivity and are easy to combine with sulfhydryl groups; hence, nanogold is often used in biomedical testing, disease diagnosis, and gene detection. Nanogold is easy to bind to proteins, such as antibodies, enzymes, or cytokines. In fact, scientists use nanogold to bind special antibodies, as a tool for targeting cancer cells. Gold nanoparticles are also directly cytotoxic to cancer cells. For diseases caused by inflammation and oxidative damage, gold nanoparticles also have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Based on these unique properties, gold nanoparticles have become the most widely studied metal nanomaterials. Many recent studies have further demonstrated that gold nanoparticles are beneficial for humans, due to their functional pharmacological properties in a variety of diseases. The content of this review will be the application of gold nanoparticles in treating or diagnosing pressing diseases, such as cancers, retinopathy, neurological diseases, skin disorders, bowel diseases, bone cartilage disorders, cardiovascular diseases, infections, and metabolic syndrome. Gold nanoparticles have shown very obvious therapeutic and application potential.


Subject(s)
Gold
6.
Int J Mol Sci ; 22(21)2021 Nov 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34769482

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness in the elderly. Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is the major pathologic feature of neovascular AMD. Oxidative damages and the ensuing chronic inflammation are representative of trigger events. Hydrogen gas (H2) has been demonstrated as an antioxidant and plays a role in the regulation of oxidative stress and inflammation. This experiment aimed to investigate the influence of H2 inhalation on a mouse model of CNV. METHODS: Laser was used to induce CNV formation. C57BL/6J mice were divided into five groups: the control group; the laser-only group; and the 2 h, 5 h, and 2.5 h/2.5 h groups that received laser and H2 inhalation (21% oxygen, 42% hydrogen, and 37% nitrogen mixture) for 2 h, 5 h, and 2.5 h twice every day, respectively. RESULTS: The severity of CNV leakage on fluorescence angiography showed a significant decrease in the H2 inhalation groups. The mRNA expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha and its immediate downstream target vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) showed significant elevation after laser, and this elevation was suppressed in the H2 inhalation groups in an inhalation period length-related manner. The mRNA expression of cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha and interlukin-6, also represented similar results. CONCLUSION: H2 inhalation could alleviate CNV leakage in a laser-induced mouse CNV model, and the potential mechanism might be related to the suppression of the inflammatory process and VEGF-driven CNV formation.


Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage , Choroidal Neovascularization/therapy , Hydrogen/administration & dosage , Wet Macular Degeneration/therapy , Administration, Inhalation , Angiogenesis Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacology , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Choroidal Neovascularization/etiology , Choroidal Neovascularization/pathology , Disease Models, Animal , Fluorescein Angiography , Fundus Oculi , Gases , Hydrogen/pharmacology , Lasers , Macular Degeneration/etiology , Macular Degeneration/pathology , Macular Degeneration/therapy , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Wet Macular Degeneration/etiology , Wet Macular Degeneration/pathology
7.
Int J Mol Sci ; 22(20)2021 Oct 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34681651

ABSTRACT

Mast cells play a very important role in skin allergy and inflammation, including atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. In the past, it was found that neferine has anti-inflammatory and anti-aging effects on the skin, but its effect on mast cells has not yet been studied in detail. In this study, we used mast cells (RBL-2H3 cells) and mouse models to study the anti-allergic and inflammatory effects of neferine. First, we found that neferine inhibits the degranulation of mast cells and the expression of cytokines. In addition, we observed that when mast cells were stimulated by A23187/phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), the elevation of intracellular calcium was inhibited by neferine. The phosphorylation of the MAPK/NF-κB pathway is also reduced by pretreatment of neferine. The results of in vivo studies show that neferine can improve the appearance of dermatitis and mast cell infiltration caused by dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Moreover, the expressions of barrier proteins in the skin are also restored. Finally, it was found that neferine can reduce the scratching behavior caused by compound 48/80. Taken together, our results indicate that neferine is a very good anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory natural product. Its effect on mast cells contributes to its pharmacological mechanism.


Subject(s)
Anti-Allergic Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Benzylisoquinolines/pharmacology , Mast Cells/drug effects , Animals , Anti-Allergic Agents/therapeutic use , Benzylisoquinolines/therapeutic use , Calcimycin/pharmacology , Calcium/metabolism , Cell Line , Cell Movement/drug effects , Cytokines/genetics , Cytokines/metabolism , Dermatitis, Atopic/chemically induced , Dermatitis, Atopic/drug therapy , Dermatitis, Atopic/pathology , Dinitrochlorobenzene/pharmacology , Disease Models, Animal , Mast Cells/cytology , Mast Cells/metabolism , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism , NF-kappa B/metabolism , Phosphorylation/drug effects , Signal Transduction/drug effects
8.
Biomolecules ; 11(7)2021 07 16.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34356663

ABSTRACT

Melanoma represents less than 5% of skin cancers, but is the most lethal, mainly because of its high-metastatic potential and resistance to various therapies. Therefore, it is important to develop effective treatments, especially chemotherapeutic drugs with cytotoxicity, anti-metastaticity, and few side effects. One such natural product is hispidulin, a flavone distributed in plants of the Asteraceae. Previous studies have demonstrated that hispidulin has various pharmacological benefits, such as anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, and anti-allergic effects. This study aims to explore the effects of hispidulin against melanoma in vitro and in vivo. Results revealed that hispidulin selectively decreased the cell viability of A2058 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Hispidulin induced cells accumulated in the sub-G1 phase via activating caspase 8 and 9, increased cleaved caspase 3, and cleaved PARP expression. Hispidulin was able to decrease AKT and ERK phosphorylation, which facilitated cell growth and survival. Moreover, hispidulin promoted reactive oxygen species generation in cells and suppressed cell migration through downregulated matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression. Hispidulin significantly inhibited tumor growth in a xenograft model. Based on these results, hispidulin produces its anti-melanoma effects by inducing cancer cell apoptosis and reducing its migration. Therefore, we suggest hispidulin as a potent therapeutic candidate for melanoma treatment.


Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology , Flavones/pharmacology , Melanoma/drug therapy , Animals , Apoptosis/drug effects , Autophagy/drug effects , Cell Cycle Checkpoints/drug effects , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Movement/drug effects , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/drug effects , Humans , Keratinocytes/drug effects , Melanoma/pathology , Mice , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
9.
Int J Mol Sci ; 22(15)2021 Jul 30.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34361003

ABSTRACT

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and persistent inflammatory skin disease characterized by eczematous lesions and itching, and it has become a serious health problem. However, the common clinical treatments provide limited relief and are accompanied by adverse effects. Therefore, there is a need to develop novel and effective therapies to treat AD. Neferine is a small molecule compound isolated from the green embryo of the mature seeds of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera). It has a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid structure. Relevant studies have shown that neferine has many pharmacological and biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, and anti-diabetic activities. However, there are very few studies on neferine in the skin, especially the related effects on inflammatory skin diseases. In this study, we proved that it has the potential to be used in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Through in vitro studies, we found that neferine inhibited the expression of cytokines and chemokines in TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells, and it reduced the phosphorylation of MAPK and the NF-κB signaling pathway. Through in vivo experiments, we used 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) to induce atopic dermatitis-like skin inflammation in a mouse model. Our results show that neferine significantly decreased the skin barrier damage, scratching responses, and epidermal hyperplasia induced by DNCB. It significantly decreased transepidermal water loss (TEWL), erythema, blood flow, and ear thickness and increased surface skin hydration. Moreover, it also inhibited the expression of cytokines and the activation of signaling pathways. These results indicate that neferine has good potential as an alternative medicine for the treatment of atopic dermatitis or other skin-related inflammatory diseases.


Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Benzylisoquinolines/pharmacology , Dermatitis, Atopic/drug therapy , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use , Benzylisoquinolines/therapeutic use , Dermatitis, Atopic/etiology , Dermatitis, Atopic/metabolism , Dinitrochlorobenzene/toxicity , HaCaT Cells/drug effects , HaCaT Cells/metabolism , Humans , Interferon-gamma/metabolism , MAP Kinase Signaling System , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , NF-kappa B/metabolism , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
10.
Int Immunopharmacol ; 96: 107620, 2021 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33862555

ABSTRACT

Histamine is released from mast cells when tissues are inflamed or stimulated by allergens. Activation of histamine receptors and calcium influx via TRPV1 could be related to histamine-induced itch and skin inflammation. Quercetin is known to have anti-inflammatory and anti-itching effects. This study aims to understand whether quercetin can directly affect histamine-induced calcium influx in human keratinocyte. In it, we investigated quercetin, which acts on histamine-induced intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i) elevation in human keratinocyte. Changes in [Ca2+]i were measured using spectrofluorometry and confocal Imaging. We detected the expression of IL-8 after treatment of quercetin using qRT-PCR and evaluated its anti-itching effect in BALB/c mice. We also performed a docking study to estimate the binding affinity of quercetin to H4 receptors. We found that quercetin pretreatment decreased histamine-induced [Ca2+]i elevation in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibitory effect of quercetin on histamine-induced [Ca2+]i elevation was blocked by JNJ7777120, a selective H4 antagonist, as well as by U73122, a PLC inhibitor, and by GF109203X, a PKC inhibitor. We also found that H4 agonist (4-methylhistamine)-induced [Ca2+]i elevation could be inhibited by quercetin. Moreover, the selective TRPV1 blocker capsazepine significantly suppressed the quercetin-mediated inhibition of histamine-induced [Ca2+]i elevation, whereas the TRPV4 blocker GSK2193874 had no effect. Last, quercetin decreased histamine and H4 agonist-induced IL-8 expression in keratinocyte and inhibited the scratching behavior-induced compound 48/80 in BALB/c mice. The molecular docking study also showed that quercetin exhibited high binding affinities with H4 receptors (autodock scores for H4 = -8.7 kcal/mol). These data suggest that quercetin could decrease histamine 4 receptor-induced calcium influx through the TRPV1 channel and could provide a molecular mechanism of quercetin in anti-itching, anti-inflammatory, and unpleasant sensations.


Subject(s)
Calcium/metabolism , Histamine/pharmacology , Keratinocytes/metabolism , Quercetin/pharmacology , Receptors, Histamine H4/metabolism , Animals , Behavior, Animal/drug effects , Capsaicin/analogs & derivatives , Capsaicin/pharmacology , Choline Kinase/antagonists & inhibitors , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Histamine/therapeutic use , Humans , Indoles/pharmacology , Interleukin-8/genetics , Interleukin-8/metabolism , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Molecular Docking Simulation , Molecular Structure , Piperazines/pharmacology , Piperidines/pharmacology , Primary Cell Culture , Pruritus/chemically induced , Pruritus/drug therapy , Quercetin/chemistry , Quercetin/therapeutic use , Quinolines/pharmacology , Receptors, Histamine H4/agonists , Receptors, Histamine H4/antagonists & inhibitors , Receptors, Histamine H4/chemistry , TRPV Cation Channels/antagonists & inhibitors , Type C Phospholipases/antagonists & inhibitors
11.
Chem Res Toxicol ; 34(4): 1133-1139, 2021 04 19.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33755440

ABSTRACT

Ultraviolet rays are the main cause of skin aging. Isoflavone structures are good anti-ultraviolet natural compounds and have an especially strong anti-ultraviolet B (UVB) effect. However, the anti-ultraviolet A (UVA) effect of isoflavones is more controversial. Therefore, this study aims to discover which isoflavone analogue possesses a strong anti-ultraviolet A. We found the isoflavonoid intermediate deoxybenzoin-3A (DOB-3A) to be a similar isoflavone structural compound with strong anti-ultraviolet A effects. Ultraviolet rays with a wavelength of 350 nm are used to irradiate the fibroblasts of the human skin. Western blot, flow cytometry, and transmission electron microscope analyses were used to explore its anti-ultraviolet A mechanism. We established the results that DOB-3A (1) reduced the death of fibroblasts caused by ultraviolet A, (2) avoided the damage to the organelles and structures after UVA irradiation, (3) inhibited the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hydrogen peroxide-induced damage, and (4) decreased the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) caused by UVA. Based on the above findings, DOB-3A is a very good anti-ultraviolet A isoflavone-related structure. Because it is simple to synthesize and has good effects, DOB-3A is a suitable anti-ultraviolet A product with an isoflavone structure. Moreover, DOB-3A's structure provides a reference for the synthesis of anti-UVA isoflavones.


Subject(s)
Dermis/drug effects , Fibroblasts/drug effects , Ultraviolet Rays , Dermis/metabolism , Fibroblasts/metabolism , Humans , Hydrogen Peroxide/antagonists & inhibitors , Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism , Molecular Structure , Phosphorylation/drug effects , Reactive Oxygen Species/antagonists & inhibitors , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
12.
Neurochem Int ; 140: 104845, 2020 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32911011

ABSTRACT

Indole-3-carbinol (I3C), found in cruciferous vegetables, has been proposed to exhibit neuroprotective effects. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the I3C derivative [1(4-chloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-methanol (CIM), which has superior pharmacokinetic properties to I3C, on glutamate release in rat cerebrocortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes). We observed that CIM dose-dependently inhibited glutamate release evoked by the potassium channel blocker 4-aminopyridine (4-AP). CIM-mediated inhibition of glutamate release was attributed to reduced exocytosis, as it correlated with the removal of extracellular calcium and blocking of the vesicular glutamate transporter but not the glutamate transporter. In addition, CIM decreased 4-AP-evoked intrasynaptosomal Ca2+ elevation; however, it did not alter the synaptosomal membrane potential. The inhibition of P/Q-typeCa2+ channels abolished the effect of CIM on 4-AP-evoked glutamate release, and the effect was not prevented by intracellular Ca2+ release inhibitors. Moreover, the molecular docking study showed that CIM exhibited the highest binding affinity with the P/Q-type Ca2+channels. Finally, the CIM-mediated inhibition of glutamate release was sensitive to calmodulin, adenylate cyclase (AC), and protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitors. Based on these results, we propose that CIM, through the direct suppression of P/Q-type Ca2+ channels, decreases Ca2+ influx and the activation of Ca2+/calmodulin/AC/PKA signaling, thereby inhibiting glutamate release. This finding is crucial for understanding the role of CIM in the central nervous system and for exploiting its potential in therapeutic interventions.


Subject(s)
Calcium Channels, P-Type/metabolism , Calcium Channels, Q-Type/metabolism , Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2/metabolism , Cerebral Cortex/metabolism , Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism , Glutamic Acid/metabolism , Indoles/pharmacology , Animals , Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2/antagonists & inhibitors , Cerebral Cortex/drug effects , Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/chemistry , Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology , Indoles/chemistry , Male , Presynaptic Terminals/drug effects , Presynaptic Terminals/metabolism , Protein Structure, Secondary , Protein Structure, Tertiary , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley
13.
Eur J Pharmacol ; 889: 173589, 2020 Dec 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32961171

ABSTRACT

Neferine, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid present in Nelumbo nucifera, has been reported to exhibit neuroprotective effects. Because reduced glutamatergic transmission through inhibition of glutamate release has been proposed as a mechanism of neuroprotection, we investigated whether and how neferine inhibits glutamate release in the nerve terminals of the cerebral cortex of rats. The results demonstrated that neferine inhibits the glutamate release that is evoked by the potassium channel blocker 4-aminopyridine, doing so in a dose-dependent manner. This effect was prevented by removing extracellular calcium and blocking vesicular transporters or N- and P/Q-type calcium channels but not by blocking glutamate transporters. Neferine decreased the 4-aminopyridine-stimulated elevation in intrasynaptosomal calcium concentration; however, it had no effect on the synaptosomal membrane potential. The inhibition of glutamate release by neferine was also eliminated by the selective 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A (5HT1A) receptor antagonist WAY100635, Gi/o protein inhibitor pertussis toxin, adenylyl cyclase inhibitor MDL12330A, and protein kinase A inhibitor H89. Moreover, immunocytochemical analysis revealed the presence of 5-HT1A receptor proteins in the vesicular transporter of glutamate type 1 positive synaptosomes. The molecular docking study also demonstrated that neferine exhibited the highest binding affinity with 5-HT1A receptors (Autodock scores for 5-HA1A = -11.4 kcal/mol). Collectively, these results suggested that neferine activates 5-HT1A receptors in cortical synaptosomes, which decreases calcium influx and glutamate release through the activation of Gi/o protein and the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase/cAMP/protein kinase A cascade.


Subject(s)
Benzylisoquinolines/pharmacology , Cerebral Cortex/metabolism , Glutamic Acid/metabolism , Nelumbo , Nerve Endings/metabolism , Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/metabolism , Alkaloids/isolation & purification , Alkaloids/pharmacology , Animals , Benzylisoquinolines/chemistry , Benzylisoquinolines/isolation & purification , Cerebral Cortex/drug effects , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/isolation & purification , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology , Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/chemistry , Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/isolation & purification , Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology , Male , Molecular Docking Simulation , Nerve Endings/drug effects , Protein Structure, Secondary , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/chemistry
14.
Int J Mol Sci ; 21(15)2020 Aug 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32748894

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic inflammatory disease, which causes multiple complications. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is among these complications and is a dominant cause of vision loss for diabetic patients. Numerous studies have shown that chrysin, a flavonoid, has many biological activities such as anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation. However, it is rarely used in ocular diseases. In this study, we examined the inhibitory effects of flavonoid on high glucose induced migration of chorioretinal endothelial cells (RF/6A cells) and its mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The viability of RF/6A cells treated with chrysin was examined with a 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The migration of RF/6A cells was assessed by the transwell migration and scratch wound assays. The expression of AKT, ERK, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), HIF-1α and MMP-2 were determined by western blotting. To observe the mRNA expression of VEGF receptor (VEGFR), qRT-PCR, was utilized. RESULTS: The results showed that chrysin can dose-dependently inhibit the RF/6A cell migration in vitro transwell and the scratch wound assays which are induced by high glucose. After pretreatment of RF/6A cells with different concentrations of chrysin, they did not produce any cytotoxicity in MTT assay. Moreover, chrysin down-regulated both phosphorylated AKT and ERK, as well as attenuated the expression levels of MMP-2. It also decreased the expression of the VEGF transcription factor and VEGF. Furthermore, it was shown that chrysin could suppress the protein and mRNA expression levels of VEGFR. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that chrysin could down-regulate the phosphorylation of AKT, ERK and MMP-2 and reduce the effects of VEGF and VEGFR in a high glucose environment. It further inhibits the high glucose-induced migration of RE/6A cells. Therefore, chrysin may have the potential for visual protection.


Subject(s)
Cell Movement/drug effects , Endothelial Cells/drug effects , Flavonoids/pharmacology , Glucose/pharmacology , Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor/metabolism , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism , Animals , Cell Line , Cell Movement/genetics , Cell Survival/drug effects , Cell Survival/genetics , Down-Regulation/drug effects , Endothelial Cells/cytology , Endothelial Cells/metabolism , Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism , Gene Expression/drug effects , Macaca mulatta , Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/metabolism , Phosphorylation/drug effects , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism , Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor/genetics , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
15.
Sci Rep ; 10(1): 2932, 2020 02 19.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32076123

ABSTRACT

Psoriasis is a common non-contagious chronic inflammatory skin lesion, with frequent recurrence. It mainly occurs due to aberrant regulation of the immune system leading to abnormal proliferation of skin cells. However, the pathogenic mechanisms of psoriasis are not fully understood. Although most of the current therapies are mostly efficient, the side effects can result in therapy stop, which makes the effectiveness of treatment strategies limited. Therefore, it is urgent and necessary to develop novel therapeutics. Here, we investigated the efficacy of chrysin, a plant flavonoid, which we previously reported to possess strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, against psoriasis-like inflammation. Our results revealed that chrysin significantly attenuated imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin lesions in mice, and improved imiquimod-induced disruption of skin barrier. Moreover, the TNF-α, IL-17A, and IL-22-induced phosphorylation of MAPK and JAK-STAT pathways, and activation of the NF-κB pathway were also attenuated by chrysin pretreatment of epidermal keratinocytes. Most importantly, chrysin reduced TNF-α-, IL-17A-, and IL-22-induced CCL20 and antimicrobial peptide release from epidermal keratinocytes. Thus, our findings indicate that chrysin may have therapeutic potential against inflammatory skin diseases. Our study provides a basis for further investigating chrysin as a novel pharmacologic agent and contributes to the academic advancement in the field of Chinese herbal medicine.


Subject(s)
Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/metabolism , Chemokine CCL20/metabolism , Flavonoids/therapeutic use , Imiquimod/adverse effects , Inflammation/drug therapy , Psoriasis/chemically induced , Psoriasis/drug therapy , Skin/pathology , Animals , Chemokine CCL20/genetics , Disease Models, Animal , Down-Regulation/drug effects , Epidermis/pathology , Flavonoids/chemistry , Flavonoids/pharmacology , Humans , Hyperplasia , Interleukin-17/metabolism , Interleukins/metabolism , Keratinocytes/drug effects , Keratinocytes/metabolism , MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects , Male , Mice, Inbred BALB C , NF-kappa B/metabolism , Phosphorylation/drug effects , Psoriasis/pathology , RNA, Messenger/genetics , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Skin/drug effects , Skin/physiopathology , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism , Interleukin-22
16.
Int J Mol Sci ; 21(1)2019 Dec 23.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31877924

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is upregulated by hypoxia and is a crucial stimulator for choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in age-related macular degeneration and pathologic myopia, as well as retinal neovascularization in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Retinal and choroidal endothelial cells play key roles in the development of retinal and CNV, and subsequent fibrosis. At present, the effects of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on the VEGF-induced choroid-retina endothelial (RF/6A) cells are still unknown. In our study, we investigated the effects of AuNPs on RF/6A cell viabilities and cell adhesion to fibronectin, a major ECM protein of fibrovascular membrane. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of AuNPs on RF/6A cell migration induced by VEGF and its signaling were studied. METHODS: The cell viability assay was used to determine the viability of cells treated with AuNPs. The migration of RF/6A cells was assessed by the Transwell migration assay. The cell adhesion to fibronectin was examined by an adhesion assay. The VEGF-induced signaling pathways were determined by western blotting. RESULTS: The 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) viability assay revealed no cytotoxicity of AuNPs on RF/6A cells. AuNPs inhibited VEGF-induced RF/6A cell migration in a concentration-dependent manner but showed no significant effects on RF/6A cell adhesion to fibronectin. Inhibitory effects of AuNPs on VEGF-induced Akt/eNOS were found. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that AuNPs are an effective inhibitor of VEGF-induced RF/6A cell migration through the Akt/eNOS pathways, but they have no effects on their cell viabilities and cell adhesion to fibronectin.


Subject(s)
Cell Movement/drug effects , Choroid/metabolism , Endothelial Cells/metabolism , Gold , Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry , Retina/metabolism , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/pharmacology , Animals , Cell Line , Choroid/cytology , Endothelial Cells/cytology , Gold/chemistry , Gold/pharmacology , Macaca mulatta , Retina/cytology
17.
Proc Math Phys Eng Sci ; 471(2175): 20140943, 2015 Mar 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25792966

ABSTRACT

The sub-Laplacian on the Heisenberg group and the Grushin operator are typical examples of sub-elliptic operators. Their heat kernels are both given in the form of Laplace-type integrals. By using Laplace's method, the method of stationary phase and the method of steepest descent, we derive the small-time asymptotic expansions for these heat kernels, which are related to the geodesic structure of the induced geometries.

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