Glycoursodeoxycholic Acid Alleviates Arterial Thrombosis via Suppressing Diacylglycerol Kinases Activity in Platelet.

BACKGROUND: Glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA) has been acknowledged for its ability to regulate lipid homeostasis and provide benefits for various metabolic disorders. However, the impact of GUDCA on arterial thrombotic events remains unexplored. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of GUDCA on thrombogenesis and elucidate its underlying mechanisms. METHODS: Plasma samples from patients with arterial thrombotic events and diet-induced obese mice were collected to determine the GUDCA concentrations using mass spectrometry. Multiple in vivo murine thrombosis models and in vitro platelet functional assays were conducted to comprehensively evaluate the antithrombotic effects of GUDCA. Moreover, lipidomic analysis was performed to identify the alterations of intraplatelet lipid components following GUDCA treatment. RESULTS: Plasma GUDCA level was significantly decreased in patients with arterial thrombotic events and negatively correlated with thrombotic propensity in diet-induced obese mice. GUDCA exhibited prominent suppressing effects on platelet reactivity as evidenced by the attenuation of platelet activation, secretion, aggregation, spreading, and retraction (P<0.05). In vivo, GUDCA administration robustly alleviated thrombogenesis (P<0.05) without affecting hemostasis. Mechanistically, GUDCA inhibited DGK (diacylglycerol kinase) activity, leading to the downregulation of the phosphatidic acid-mediated signaling pathway. Conversely, phosphatidic acid supplementation was sufficient to abolish the antithrombotic effects of GUDCA. More importantly, long-term oral administration of GUDCA normalized the enhanced DGK activity, thereby remarkably alleviating the platelet hyperreactivity as well as the heightened thrombotic tendency in diet-induced obese mice (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our study implicated that GUDCA reduces platelet hyperreactivity and improves thrombotic propensity by inhibiting DGKs activity, which is a potentially effective prophylactic approach and promising therapeutic agent for arterial thrombotic events.

The feasibility and efficiency for constructing arteriovenous fistula with <2 mm vein-a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Autogenous arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is an efficient hemodialysis access for patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). The specific threshold of vein diameter still not reached a consensus. Method: We conducted a comprehensive search in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases for articles which comparing the treatment outcomes of AVF with 2 mm as vein diameter threshold. Fixed and random effect model were used for synthesis of results. Subgroup analysis was designed to assess the risk of bias. Result: Eight high-quality articles were included finally. Among a total of 1,075 patients (675 males and 400 females), 227 and 809 patients possessed <2 mm and ≥2 mm vein respectively. Apart from gender and coronary artery disease (P < 0.05), there was no significant difference in age, diabetes, hypertension or radial artery between maturation and non-maturation groups. The functional maturation rate was lower in patients with <2 mm vein according to fixed effect model [OR = 0.19, 95% CI (0.12, 0.30), P < 0.01]. There was no significant difference in primary [OR = 0.63, 95% CI (0.12, 3.25), P = 0.58] or cumulative patency rates [OR = 0.40, 95% CI (0.13, 1.19), P = 0.10]. Conclusion: Vein diameter less than 2 mm has a negative impact on the functional maturation rate of AVF, while it does not affect the primary and cumulative patency rates (12 months).

Clinical characteristics and therapeutic strategy for patients with spontaneous isolated abdominal aortic dissection.

Objective: Spontaneous isolated abdominal aortic dissection (SIAAD) is a rare aortic emergency and not yet fully understood. This study aims to report the characteristics and treatments of 31 patients with SIAAD in the past 12 years. Methods: A total of 31 consecutive patients with SIAAD between 2010 and 2022 were included. The clinical manifestations, treatment strategies, and outcomes were reviewed. Following the SVS/STS reporting standard, we compared the clinical characteristics with different locations of primary entry, or different numbers of dissected zones. Furthermore, we compared the effects of surgical and conservative therapies on the outcome during the follow-up. Results: Among the 31 patients with SIAAD, 16 (51.6%) were in the acute phase on admission. The primary entry of SIAAD was mainly located in Zone 9 (67.7%). Most patient presented with dissection involving 1 or 2 aortic zones (61.3%). In addition, 35.5% and 64.5% of SIAADs involved the visceral and iliac arteries, respectively. Compared with asymptomatic SIAADs, the symptomatic ones had longer dissection lengths (P = 0.008) and tended to involve iliac artery more frequently (P = 0.098). There were differences in the number of dissected aortic zones (P = 0.005) among patients with primary entry located in Zone 5 (Supraceliac aorta), Zone 6-8 (Paravisceral aorta) and Zone 9 (Infrarenal aorta). The involvement of visceral artery (P = 0.039) and iliac artery (P = 0.006) was significantly different between the subgroups of SIAAD involving one, two, and three or more aortic zones. The cumulative incidence of adverse false lumen progression events was significantly lower (P = 0.000) and the rate of false lumen thrombogenesis or disappearance was higher in patients receiving surgery (P = 0.001). The cumulative all-cause mortality was 9.7% at 1-year, and 19.7% at 5-year, with no significant difference between surgical and conservative therapies. Conclusions: Clinical features of SIAAD vary depending on the location of the primary entry and the number of dissected aortic zones. Although surgery was not associated with a lower all-cause mortality compared with conservative therapy, it was associated with a lower incidence of adverse false lumen progression and a higher rate of aortic remodeling.

High-density lipoprotein regulates angiogenesis by long non-coding RNA HDRACA.

Normal high-density lipoprotein (nHDL) can induce angiogenesis in healthy individuals. However, HDL from patients with coronary artery disease undergoes various modifications, becomes dysfunctional (dHDL), and loses its ability to promote angiogenesis. Here, we identified a long non-coding RNA, HDRACA, that is involved in the regulation of angiogenesis by HDL. In this study, we showed that nHDL downregulates the expression of HDRACA in endothelial cells by activating WW domain-containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2, which catalyzes the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of its transcription factor, Kruppel-like factor 5, via sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor 1. In contrast, dHDL with lower levels of S1P than nHDL were much less effective in decreasing the expression of HDRACA. HDRACA was able to bind to Ras-interacting protein 1 (RAIN) to hinder the interaction between RAIN and vigilin, which led to an increase in the binding between the vigilin protein and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) mRNA, resulting in a decrease in the expression of PCNA and inhibition of angiogenesis. The expression of human HDRACA in a hindlimb ischemia mouse model inhibited the recovery of angiogenesis. Taken together, these findings suggest that HDRACA is involved in the HDL regulation of angiogenesis, which nHDL inhibits the expression of HDRACA to induce angiogenesis, and that dHDL is much less effective in inhibiting HDRACA expression, which provides an explanation for the decreased ability of dHDL to stimulate angiogenesis.

The feasibility of small-caliber veins for autogenous arteriovenous fistula creation: A single-center retrospective study.

Objective: Autogenous arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is recommended as the first choice for hemodialysis vascular access. A small-caliber vein is one of the independent risk factors for AVF maturation and patency. However, the specific threshold is still unclear, making it difficult to accurately determine whether these vessels are suitable for AVF creation. Design: This is a single-center retrospective study. Method: Patients who underwent AVF creation in our medical center between January 2020 and September 2022 and satisfied the eligibility criteria were included in this retrospective study. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors for functional maturation and additional intervention. The optimal cutoff value was determined based on the receiver operating curve (ROC) and the Youden index. Kaplan-Meier analysis was utilized in further patency rate comparisons. Result: A total of 125 forearm AVFs were created in 121 patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The mean age was 53.88 ± 15.10 years. Preoperative vascular Doppler ultrasound (DUS) was conducted and recorded in 106 cases (84.80%). The mean targeted artery and vein diameters were 2.17 ± 0.54 and 1.71 ± 0.75 mm, respectively. Small-caliber vein is the risk factor for functional maturation failure (OR = 0.256, 95%CI [0.06-0.75], p = 0.033) and additional intervention (OR = 0.306, 95% CI [0.09-0.78], p = 0.031). The optimal cutoff value is 1.35 mm (augmented) when specificity and sensitivity reach 80 and 63.7%, respectively. The AVFs with a vein diameter of more than 1.35 mm (augmented) showed higher patency rates (p < 0.01). Conclusion: After comprehensive DUS evaluation, intraoperative hydrodilation, postoperative active exercise and intensive DUS detection, and application of balloon-assisted maturation, if necessary, using a vein more than 1.35 mm (augmented), could achieve satisfactory functional maturation and postoperative patency in AVF formation.

The Influencing Factors and Prognostic Evaluation in the Treatment Decisions for Acute and Subacute Nondissection-Related Superior Mesenteric Artery Thromboembolism.

BACKGROUND: The unclarified treatment strategy for acute and subacute ndSMA-TE limits the therapeutic efficacy and worsens the prognosis. This study aimed to determine the predictive factors impacting the treatment strategy for acute and subacute ndSMA-TE. METHOD: A database of 116 patients with nonchronic ndSMA-TE admitted between January 2001 and December 2021 was retrospectively analyzed. Univariate/multivariate logistic regression and the predictive models constructed by stepwise backward regression were used to explore the influencing factors of the treatment decisions and the risk factors for failed conservative treatment. The EuroQol-5 Dimension questionnaire was used to evaluate the long-term quality of life. RESULTS: Only the white blood cell (WBC) levels were significantly different between the conservative group and the surgical group (P = 0.013 < 0 .05, odds ratio (OR) = 1.153, 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.038, 1.306]). The WBC levels (P < 0.001, OR = 1.169, 95% CI [1.080, 1.286]) and heart diseases (except atrial fibrillation) (P = 0.011 < 0 .05, OR = 5.116, 95% CI [1.541, 20.452]) were included in the predictive model of the treatment decision. The hemoglobin levels (P = 0.005 < 0 .05, OR = 1.095, 95% CI [1.040, 1.187]) and no flatus or stool (P = 0.007 < 0 .05, OR = 0.031, 95% CI [0.002, 0.296]) were significant risk factors for the conservative treatment outcome. The EuroQol-5 Dimension evaluation demonstrated a fairly high long-term quality of life in both treatment strategies. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated WBC levels, decreased hemoglobin levels, and no flatus or stool can be used as predictive indicators for the surgical treatment of nonchronic ndSMA-TE to avoid a misdiagnosis and an inappropriate treatment.

Current Perspective and Strategy on Management of Spontaneous Jugular Venous Ectasia: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous jugular venous ectasia (SJVE) is characterized by dilation of the internal jugular vein (IJV) and external jugular vein. It is generally considered a benign anomaly. There is no accepted categorization for this disorder. METHODS: We conducted a case series study and a systematic review of available articles on SJVE to understand the main characteristics, clinicopathologic classifications, and therapeutic approaches. RESULTS: From January 2001 to December 2021, 14 patients in our hospital were analyzed. A total of 110 original articles (295 cases/311 lesions) were included in the systematic review. We proposed a classification and categorized SJVE into 4 main types (type I-IV) plus one (type V) in which the specific ectasia was located around the jugular bulb at the IJV. CONCLUSIONS: Conservative treatment is preferred for patients with type I (without thrombus) SJVE and asymptomatic patients who can be treated without anticoagulants. The therapeutic efficiency of surgery was high, and the best surgical modalities were chosen according to the type of SJVE.

Endovascular Treatment of Ruptured or Symptomatic Thoracoabdominal and Pararenal Aortic Aneurysms Using Octopus Endograft Technique: Mid-Term Clinical Outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of using off-the-shelf "Octopus" technique to treat ruptured or symptomatic thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) and pararenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (PRAAA). METHODS AND RESULTS: All cases who underwent "Octopus" technique from May 2016 to May 2019 at our center were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 10 cases (8 males) were included. The mean age was 54.5±14.2 years (range: 31-80 years). Eight cases presented as aneurysm rupture or impending rupture accepted emergency repair. Technical success, defined by placement of all endografts as planned, was achieved in all cases. A total of 30 target visceral branches were successfully cannulated, 9 celiac arteries were covered intentionally. Intraoperative endoleak was observed in 6 patients, all of them were gutter leak. During hospital stay, there was no death, no side branch occlusion or spinal cord ischemia. Median follow-up was 30 months (range: 12-50 months). One patient died of lung cancer at 14-month follow-up. There was no secondary endoleak. The primary endoleak were found spontaneously resolved in 3 cases at 7 days, 3-month, and 1-year imaging. One persistent endoleak totally resolved after sealing of gutter spaces at 4-month follow-up. The other 2 persistent endoleak decreased during follow-up, which are still under observation. The branch patency rate was 90.3% (28/31). All the 3 occluded branches were renal arteries. Branch occlusion occurred in 2 cases at 1-month follow-up and 1 case at 2-year follow-up, but renal insufficiency was not observed in these cases. Obvious aneurysm sac shrinkage (≥5 mm) was observed in all cases. The aneurysm size shrunk from 7.6±1.9 to 5.5±1.4 cm. No spinal cord ischemia occurred during follow-up. CONCLUSION: Treatment of ruptured TAAA and PRAAA with "Octopus" technique is feasible and safe for high surgical risk patients in the absence of fenestrated and branched devices. The long-term clinical outcomes needed to be investigated.

Prognosis and Remodeling after Endovascular Repair for Acute, Subacute, and Chronic Type B Aortic Dissection.

PURPOSE: Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) for type B aortic dissection (TBAD) is already well introduced, but the best time point to perform TEVAR has not been defined. This study was to report mid- to long-term outcomes and aortic remodeling of TEVAR in patients with TBAD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In total, 318 TBAD patients from June 2001 to May 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into 3 groups depending on interval between dissection onset to TEVAR: acute (0-7 days), subacute (8-30 days), and chronic (>30 days). Clinical and morphological data were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: The follow-up aorta-related mortality rates in the 3 groups were 17.6%, 2.6%, 4.2%, and the proximal stent-induced new entry rates were 11.8%, 1.6%, 2.8%, respectively. Aortic remodeling was satisfied in both the acute and subacute group, but the false lumen diameter did not decrease (p>0.05) in the chronic group. Compared with the VIRTUE classification (acute, 0-14 days; subacute, 15-92 days; chronic, >92 days), mid- to long-term outcomes of patients within the first overlapped interval between the 2 classifications (8-14 days) were similar to that of subacute patients (15-30 days), while aortic remodeling of patients in the second overlapped interval (31-92 days) was similar to that of chronic patients (>92 days). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that TEVAR for subacute TBAD is associated with a low long-term rate of aorta-related death. Aortic remodeling of chronic dissections is not satisfactory. Additional results suggest that the subacute phase (8-30 days) may be the optimal time to perform TEVAR for uncomplicated TBAD.

Beneficial effects of preoperative superselective embolization on carotid body tumor surgery: A 13-year single-center experience.

Purpose: This study presented our 13-year experience managing patients with CBTs (carotid body tumors) and was aimed to investigate the impact of pre-TAE (preoperative transarterial embolization) on CBT surgical resection. Methods: This retrospective study reviewed 169 surgically excised CBTs between May 2007 and October 2020. According to whether to carry out the pre-TAE, the patients were classified into the embolization (EG) (n = 130) and non-embolization groups (NEG) (n = 39). Tumor classification was based on Shamblin criteria and tumor size. The demographic data, clinical features, and intraoperative and postoperative information about the patients were retrieved and analyzed. Results: The average tumor size was (43.49 vs. 35.44 mm, p = 0.04) for EG and NEG. The mean surgical time (195.48 vs. 205.64 mins, p = 0.62) and intraoperative BL (blood loss) (215.15 vs. 251.41 cc, p = 0.59) were less, but the incidence of revascularization required (29% vs. 33%, p = 0.62) and total complications (26% vs. 36%, p = 0.32) were lower in EG compared to NEG. Similarly, according to the subgroup analysis, no significant differences were detected in the surgical time, BL, adverse events (AEs), and the revascularization in EG when compared to NEG for type I (n = 5 vs. 7), II (n = 105 vs. 27), and III (n = 20 vs. 5), respectively except for the surgical duration in type III (p < 0.05). However, a significantly lower incidence of AEs (230.25 vs. 350 cc, p = 0.038) and a decline in BL (28.57% vs. 48.15%, p = 0.049) in EG were observed compared to those in NEG patients for large CBTs (≥ 30 mm as the cutoff point). No surgery-related mortality was observed during the follow-up. Conclusions: CBTs can be surgically resected safely and effectively with a need for pre-TAE, which significantly decreases the overall BL and AEs for large lesions (≥ 30 mm).

Stent patency rates and prognostic factors of endovascular intervention for iliofemoral vein occlusion in post-thrombotic syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS), an important complication of deep venous thrombosis (DVT), adversely affects patients' quality of life. Endovascular intervention in PTS can relieve symptoms rapidly with high therapeutic value. This study mainly focuses on how to improve postoperative stent patency rates and aims to find prognostic factors impacting patency. METHODS: According to the specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, PTS patients who underwent endovascular intervention at the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from December 1, 2014, to December 31, 2019, were included in this single-center prospective study. Follow-up data were collected and analyzed regularly over 2 years. RESULTS: Overall, 31 PTS patients were enrolled in the study. The mean age of these patients was 55.39 ± 11.81, including 19 male patients. Stent implantation was successful in 22 PTS patients, with a technical success rate of 70.97%. The average Villalta scores of the stent-implanted group and the non-stent-implanted group were 5.95 ± 2.57 and 5.78 ± 2.95, respectively, with no significant difference observed. In the stent-implanted group, the perioperative patency rate was 81.81% (18/22), and the follow-up patency rates were 68.18% (15/22) within 3 months, 59.09% (13/22) within 6 months, 45.45% (10/22) within 1 year, and 36.36% (8/22) within 2 years. Based on the stent placement segments, the 22 PTS patients were divided into two subgroups: the iliofemoral vein balloon dilation + iliofemoral vein stent implantation (FV-S) subgroup and the iliofemoral vein balloon dilation + iliac vein stent implantation (FV-B) subgroup. In the FV-S subgroup, the perioperative patency rate was 100.00% (14/14), and the follow-up patency rates were 85.71% (12/14), 71.43% (10/14), 57.14% (8/14) and 50.00% (7/14), which were higher than those for overall stent patency of all patients. The postoperative patency rates in the FV-B subgroup were 50.00% (4/8), 37.50% (3/8), 37.50% (3/8), 25.00% (2/8), and 12.50% (1/8). The secondary postoperative patency rates in the FV-B subgroup were 100.00% (8/8), 87.50% (7/8), 75.00% (6/8), 62.50% (5/8) and 50.00% (4/8). CONCLUSIONS: For PTS patients with iliofemoral vein occlusion but patent inflow, iliofemoral vein stent implantation is a more efficient therapeutic option than iliofemoral vein balloon dilation with iliac vein stent implantation for PTS patients.

Managing Emergent Surgery for Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic which may compromise the management of vascular emergencies. An uncompromised treatment for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (rAAA) during such a health crisis represents a challenge. This study aimed to demonstrate the treatment outcomes of rAAA and the perioperative prevention of cross-infection under the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: In cases of rAAA during the pandemic, a perioperative workflow was applied to expedite coronavirus testing and avoid pre-operative delay, combined with a strategy for preventing cross-infection. Data of rAAA treated in 11 vascular centers between January-March 2020 collected retrospectively were compared to the corresponding period in 2018 and 2019. RESULTS: Eight, 12, and 14 rAAA patients were treated in 11 centers in January-March 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively. An increased portion were treated at local hospitals with a comparable outcome compared with large centers in Guangzhou. With EVAR-first strategy, 85.7% patients with rAAA in 2020 underwent endovascular repair, similar to that in 2018 and 2019. The surgical outcomes during the pandemic were not inferior to that in 2018 and 2019. The average length of ICU stay was 1.8 ± 3.4 days in 2020, tending to be shorter than that in 2018 and 2019, whereas the length of hospital stay was similar among 3 years. The in-hospital mortality of 2018, 2019, and 2020 was 37.5%, 25.0%, and 14.3%, respectively. Three patients undergoing emergent surgeries were suspected of COVID-19, though turned out to be negative after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Our experience for emergency management of rAAA and infection prevention for healthcare providers is effective in optimizing emergent surgical outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Comparison of the Bifurcated Graft Reconstruction and Aortic Stump Closure in Open Surgical Conversion After Endovascular Aneurysm Repair.

BACKGROUND: The optimal management of the aortic stump in open surgical conversion (OSC) after Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is debated. Therefore, we aimed to compare the efficacies and safety between the bifurcated prosthetic vascular graft in situ stump reconstruction (p-graft ISSR) and aortic stump closure (ASC) in OSC. METHODS: We analyzed 973 elective AAA patients admitted from January 01, 2001 to December 31, 2020, at the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. We conducted a statistical analysis of the clinical characteristics, procedural data, as well as outcomes and technique considerations of aortic stump management in OSC patients. RESULTS: A total of 24 male patients had OSC after EVAR. The rate of stent graft infection was 54.17% before OSC. Eleven patients underwent ASC, and 13 patients were treated with p-graft ISSR. The major complication after OSC was aortic stump bleeding (total incidence was 37.50%) (1 patient with a periaortic hematoma and 8 patients with a stump blowout). The total incidences of stump blowout between the patients with ASC and those with p-graft ISSR were significantly different (45.45% vs. 23.08%, P < 0.05). The total perioperative mortality was 25.00% (6 patients with stump blowouts). The perioperative survival rates between these 2 aortic stump management approaches were 72.72% and 76.92% (ASC vs. p-graft ISSR, P < 0.05). In total, 18 patients were followed up (3-180 months). There were 3 aorta-related deaths during the late follow-up period (including both of the 2 stump-blowout-related deaths just treated with ASC). CONCLUSIONS: If the condition of the aorta and peri-aortic tissue are suitable for a prosthetic graft bypass, the p-graft ISSR is highly recommended for OSC patients after EVAR.

The earlier, the better: The beneficial effect of different timepoints of the preoperative transarterial embolization on ameliorating operative blood loss and operative time for carotid body tumors.

BACKGROUND: To explore the effect of the optimal time interval from preoperative transarterial embolization to surgery of carotid body tumors by analyzing surgery-related indicators. METHODS: This single-center retrospective review included 103 patients and 108 carotid body tumor resections performed between June 2010 and June 2020. All carotid body tumors were divided into three groups based on interval time between transarterial embolization and surgery: 1-day group (G1), 2-day group (G2), and 3-day group (G3). Demographics, inflammatory biomarkers, periprocedural details, and postoperative outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: Among 103 patients, 48.54% were women, and the mean age was 37.07 years. The tumor sizes were 43.83, 44.31, and 42.84 mm in G1, G2, and G3, respectively, and the blood loss and operative time were 163.68, 331.54, and 683.68 mL, and 182.32, 216.31, and 280.79 mins with the prolonged time interval, respectively. Compared with pretransarterial embolization, the expression of white blood cells (109/L) and neutrophils (109/L) were obviously increased post-transarterial embolization in the three groups (G1: white blood cells 6.81 vs 9.32; neutrophils 0.54 vs 0.74, all P < .05. G2: white blood cells 7.19 vs 10.01, P = .118; neutrophils 0.54 vs 0.77, P < .05. G3: white blood cells 7.08 v. 12.37; neutrophils 0.59 vs 0.80, all P < .05), and those in G3 were significantly higher than those in G1. The incidences of revascularization, which was 30.26%, 53.85%, and 42.10%, and adverse events (26.32%, 30.77%, and 21.05%) were not significantly different among G1, G2, and G3. CONCLUSION: The optimal time interval between preoperative transarterial embolization and surgical resection resulted as 1 day as patients in this group showed obvious lower blood loss and shorter duration of operation than patients in other groups. Both inflammation and recanalization provided support for these results at some extent.

Treatment strategies for inferior vena cava aneurysms.

OBJECTIVE: An inferior vena cava (IVC) aneurysm is a rare but potentially life-threatening entity. We successfully embolized an IVC aneurysm in a patient with history of blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome, a rare syndrome with multiple venous malformations. This new case was added to a literature review of previously reported cases, to analyze the management algorithm. METHODS: A PubMed search for all English-language articles and abstracts of IVC aneurysm were conducted. A comprehensive descriptive analysis, including etiology, presentation, classification, comorbidities, and treatment options of our case joining all previously published cases, is presented and discussed. RESULTS: Including our new case, a total of 74 (44 males) IVC aneurysms were analyzed. The average age was 39.0 ± 21.1 years (range, 0.4-89 years). Forty-nine (66.2%) were symptomatic; common symptoms include abdominal or back pain (24/74, 32.4%) and leg swelling or heaviness (20/74, 27.0%). Nineteen (19/59, 33.2%) were complicated with vena cava thrombosis, and 14 (14/59, 23.7%) were complicated with deep venous thrombosis of lower extremities. Thirty-two (43.2%) accepted surgical or endovascular intervention. There were 26 type I, 13 type II, 31 type III, and 4 type IV aneurysms. In type I group, 25 of 26 were treated conservatively, 2 deaths were reported. In type II group, 5 of 13 accepted conservative treatment. In type III group, 9 of 31 accepted conservative treatment, and 1 death was reported. In type IV group, 3 of 4 accepted conservative treatment, and 1 death was reported. CONCLUSIONS: Conservative management can be conducted in type I and type IV groups with close surveillance. For type II and III groups, considering the high incidence of vena cava thrombosis and risk of rupture, more active treatment should be considered.

Glycoursodeoxycholic Acid Ameliorates Atherosclerosis and Alters Gut Microbiota in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice.

Background Although glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA) has been associated with the improvement of metabolic disorders, its effect on atherosclerosis remains elusive. This study aimed to investigate the role of GUDCA in the development of atherosclerosis and its potential mechanisms. Methods and Results Human THP-1 macrophages were used to investigate the effect of GUDCA on oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced foam cell formation in vitro. We found that GUDCA downregulated scavenger receptor A1 mRNA expression, reduced oxidized low-density lipoprotein uptake, and inhibited macrophage foam cell formation. In an in vivo study, apolipoprotein E-deficient mice were fed a Western diet for 10 weeks to induce atherosclerosis, and then were gavaged once daily with or without GUDCA for 18 weeks. Parameters of systemic metabolism and atherosclerosis were detected. We found that GUDCA improved cholesterol homeostasis and protected against atherosclerosis progression as evidenced by reduced plaque area along with lipid deposition, ameliorated local chronic inflammation, and elevated plaque stability. In addition, 16S rDNA sequencing showed that GUDCA administration partially normalized the Western diet-associated gut microbiota dysbiosis. Interestingly, the changes of bacterial genera (Alloprevotella, Parabacteroides, Turicibacter, and Alistipes) modulated by GUDCA were correlated with the plaque area in mice aortas. Conclusions Our study for the first time indicates that GUDCA attenuates the development of atherosclerosis, probably attributable to the inhibition of foam cell formation, maintenance of cholesterol homeostasis, and modulation of gut microbiota.

MicroRNA-130a inhibits proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells by suppressing autophagy via ATG2B.

Numerous microRNAs participate in regulating the pathological process of atherosclerosis. We have found miR-130a is one of the most significantly down-regulated microRNAs in arteriosclerosis obliterans. Our research explored the function of miR-130a in regulating proliferation by controlling autophagy in arteriosclerosis obliterans development. A Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of miR-130a target genes indicated a correlation between miR-130a and cell proliferation. Thus, cell cycle, CCK-8 assays and Western blot analysis were performed, and the results indicated that miR-130a overexpression in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) significantly attenuated cell proliferation, which was validated by an in vivo assay in a rat model. Moreover, autophagy is thought to be involved in the regulation of proliferation. As our results indicated, miR-130a could inhibit autophagy, and ATG2B was predicted to be a target of miR-130a. The autophagy inhibition effect of miR-130a overexpression was consistent with the effect of ATG2B knockdown. The results that ATG2B plasmids and miR-130a mimics were cotransfected in VSMCs further confirmed our conclusion. In addition, by using immunohistochemistry, the positive results of LC3 II/I and ATG2B in the rat model and artery vascular tissues from the patient were in accordance with in vitro data. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that miR-130a inhibits VSMCs proliferation via ATG2B, which indicates that miR-130a could be a potential therapeutic target that regulates autophagy in atherosclerosis obliterans.