ABSTRACT
Interest in computational modeling of cognition and behavior continues to grow. To be most productive, modelers should be equipped with tools that ensure optimal efficiency in data collection and in the integrity of inference about the phenomenon of interest. Traditionally, models in cognitive science have been parametric, which are particularly susceptible to model misspecification because their strong assumptions (e.g. parameterization, functional form) may introduce unjustified biases in data collection and inference. To address this issue, we propose a data-driven nonparametric framework for model development, one that also includes optimal experimental design as a goal. It combines Gaussian Processes, a stochastic process often used for regression and classification, with active learning, from machine learning, to iteratively fit the model and use it to optimize the design selection throughout the experiment. The approach, dubbed Gaussian process with active learning (GPAL), is an extension of the parametric, adaptive design optimization (ADO) framework (Cavagnaro, Myung, Pitt, & Kujala, 2010). We demonstrate the application and features of GPAL in a delay discounting task and compare its performance to ADO in two experiments. The results show that GPAL is a viable modeling framework that is noteworthy for its high sensitivity to individual differences, identifying novel patterns in the data that were missed by the model-constrained ADO. This investigation represents a first step towards the development of a data-driven cognitive modeling framework that serves as a middle ground between raw data, which can be difficult to interpret, and parametric models, which rely on strong assumptions.
Subject(s)
Research Design , Bayes Theorem , Humans , Normal Distribution , Stochastic ProcessesABSTRACT
A major technological challenge in materials research is the large and complex parameter space, which hinders experimental throughput and ultimately slows down development and implementation. In single-walled carbon nanotube (CNT) synthesis, for instance, the poor yield obtained from conventional catalysts is a result of limited understanding of input-to-output correlations. Autonomous closed-loop experimentation combined with advances in machine learning (ML) is uniquely suited for high-throughput research. Among the ML algorithms available, Bayesian optimization (BO) is especially apt for exploration and optimization within such high-dimensional and complex parameter space. BO is an adaptive sequential design algorithm for finding the global optimum of a black-box objective function with the fewest possible measurements. Here, we demonstrate a promising application of BO in CNT synthesis as an efficient and robust algorithm which can (1) improve the growth rate of CNT in the BO-planner experiments over the seed experiments up to a factor 8; (2) rapidly improve its predictive power (or learning); (3) Consistently achieve good performance regardless of the number or origin of seed experiments; (4) exploit a high-dimensional, complex parameter space, and (5) achieve the former 4 tasks in just over 100 hundred experiments (~8 experimental hours) - a factor of 5× faster than our previously reported results.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCCION: La papilomatosis laríngea del adulto es una enfermedad crónicatumoral generalmente benigna, causada por varios serotipos del virus del papiloma humano siendo considerada de transmisión sexual secundaria al contacto orogenital y que se caracteriza por ser recurrente, con morbilidad importante y curso impredecible siendo la cirugía el principal método actual de tratamiento. OBJETIVOS: Identificar los factores de riesgo asociados a papilomatosis laríngea recurrente o no recurrente del adulto, describiendo además los cambios y/o grados de diferenciación anatomopatológica. Se analizan parámetros diversos como: edad, género, hábitos nocivos, número de parejas sexuales, contacto orogenital, localización anatómica laríngea y cambios anatomopatológicos. MATERIAL Y METODOS: Se realiza un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, y observacional recogiendo 29 casos de adultos masculinos y femeninos entre los 18 y 80 años de edad, diagnosticados y tratados mediante microcirugía convencional en el Servicio de Otorrinolaringología del Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza entre el 2008 y el 2011 y cuyas muestras obtenidas fueron analizadas anatomopatológicamente. RESULTADOS: Esta patología es más prevalente en el sexo masculino (69 por ciento), afectando la glotis y predominando la presencia de lesiones múltiples en la laringe (79.3 por ciento). La disfonía fue el síntoma más común. Los múltiples compañeros sexuales (82.76 por ciento) y el contacto orogenital (72.41 por ciento) fue frecuente en la mayoría de los casos. Los cambios anatomopatológicos o la presencia de displasia fueron escasos (20.83 por ciento). No hubo asociación estadísticamente significativa entre los factores de riesgo y la papilomatosis laríngea del adulto (p>0.05) pero algunos de ellos actúan como posibles factores de protección en esta patología recurrente. Hubo sólo cuatro casos que tuvieron displasia o cambios anatomopatológicos. CONCLUSIONES: La edad, género, alcohol, tabaco, comportamiento...
INTRODUCTION: The adult onset of laryngeal papillomatosis is a tumoral chronic pathology generally benign, produced for different serotypes of the human papilloma virus, and is characterized by recurrent, with important morbidity and unpredictable course being the surgery the best important method of current treatment. AIM: Identify the risk factors associated to recurrent or no recurrent adult laryngeal papillomatosis, describing the changes and/or anatomopathological differentiation. We analyzed different parameters, such: age, gender, dangerous habits, number of sexual partners, orogenital contact, laryngeal anatomical localization and anatomopathologicalchanges. METHODS: A total of29 diagnosed patients were included in this retrospective descriptive review, males an females adults of 18 to 80 years, and all of them, were treated with conventional microsurgery in the otorhinolaryngology department of the ArzobispoLoayzaNational Hospital between 2008 and 2011. The biopsy obtained was analyzed anatomopathologically. RESULTS: This pathology was more prevalent in males (69 per cent), affecting the glottis and predominating the presence ofmultiple lesions in the larynx (79.3 per cent). The dysphonia was the symptom more common. The multiple sexual partners (82.76 per cent) and orogenital contact (72.41 per cent) were frequent in the majority of the cases. The anatomopathological changes or dysplasia were small (20.83 per cent). There was no statistically significant association between risk factors and adult onset oflaryngealpapillomatosis (p>0.05) but some ofthem to act as possible protection and risk factors in this recurrent pathology. There was only four cases had dysplasia or anatomopathological changes. CONCLUSIONS: Age, gender, alcohol, tobacco, sexual life were not identifiable risk factors for adult onset of laryngeal papillomatosis but can probably to act as protector or risk factors for it recurrence. Likewise have a low probability of malignancy.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Young Adult , Middle Aged , Dysphonia , Laryngeal Diseases , Risk Factors , Papilloma , Observational Study , Retrospective Studies , Cross-Sectional StudiesABSTRACT
Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 66 años que consultó por cuadro de dolor a nivel epigástrico, sensación de llenura, fiebre e ictericia de una semana de evolución. Fue estudiada en imagenología y con una colangiopancreatografía-endoscópica-retrógrada que evidenciaron la presencia de una ectasia ductal mucinosa compatible con un cistadenoma mucinoso del páncreas. Se operó a la paciente resencando el 95 del páncreas, confirmándose histológicamente la presencia de un cistadenoma mucinoso sin evidencia de malignidad, el quiste iba desde la cabeza hasta la cola del páncreas. La paciente se encuentra en buenas condiciones generales 21 meses después de la resección y sin diabetes
