ABSTRACT
In this article, we have developed the synthesis of CdSe nanocrystals by the introduction of high-intensity ultrasound combined with an anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS). TEM, XRD, and SEM EDS confirmed the successful synthesis of CdSe nanoparticles with zinc blende crystal phase. UV, PL, and TEM revealed that large particles settled to the bottom of the reaction flask. In the lower part precipitate, nanorods of different aspect ratios were also observed. The CdSe nanorods were formed by self-assembly due to the SDS surfactant and high-intensity ultrasound. A three-stage mechanism for the synthesis of CdSe nanorods was proposed. The effect of SDS concentration on the shape of nanorods was also investigated. At medium concentrations of SDS (0.2 M), one-dimensional CdSe nanorods with different aspect ratios were obtained. When using low concentrations of SDS (0.1 M), two-dimensional square-like crystals were observed due to all growth crystal faces having roughly the same surface energy.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the cytogenetic marker detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH; UroVysion, Vysis, Inc., Abbott Laboratories, Des Plaines, IL, USA) in the diagnosis of bladder cancer and upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UC) in Taiwanese patients, as FISH has been used in Western countries for detecting UC, but there are limited results in Asian populations. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analysed polyploidy of chromosome 3, 7, 17 and aneuploidy of chromosome 21, using uroepithelial cells collected at the first void or by instrumental extraction of urine, for bladder cancer, and shedding cells from the upper tract flushed by normal saline via ureteric catheterization or ureterorenoscopy. The criteria for positive tumour cells included three or more positive staining in two or more chromosomes showing polyploidy or <50% staining of the chromosome 9p21. RESULTS: In all, 32 patients with bladder UC and 12 with upper tract UC were assessed. The overall sensitivity for bladder cancer by UroVysion was 96.8%. The sensitivity of the cytology test was 36% for UC of the bladder. The sensitivity for UroVysion in upper tract UC was 12/12 but the specificity was three of nine. CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary report shows that UroVysion was a sensitive screening method for UC of the bladder and upper urinary tract.
