Dual-energy computed tomography for evaluating nodal staging in lung adenocarcinoma: correlation with surgical pathology.

PURPOSE: To ascertain the performance of dual-energy CT (DECT) with iodine quantification in differentiating malignant mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes (LNs) from benign ones, focusing on patients with lung adenocarcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, patients with suspected lung cancer received a preoperative contrast-enhanced DECT scan from Jun 2018 to Dec 2020. Quantitative DECT parameters and the size were compared between metastatic and benign LNs. Their diagnostic performances were analyzed by the ROC curves and compared by using the two-sample t test. RESULTS: 72 patients (23 men, 49 women; mean age 62.5 ± 10.1 years) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. A total of 98 LNs (67 benign, 31 metastatic) were analyzed. The iodine concentration normalized by muscle (NICmuscle) was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in metastatic LNs (4.79 ± 1.70) than in benign ones (3.00 ± 1.45). The optimal threshold of NICmuscle was 3.44, which yielded AUC: 0.798, sensitivity: 83.9%, specificity: 73.1%, accuracy: 76.5%, respectively. Applying the established size parameters with 10 mm as the threshold yielded AUC: 0.600, sensitivity: 29.0%, specificity: 91.0%, accuracy: 71.4%, respectively. The diagnostic performance of NICmuscle was significantly better (P = 0.007) than the performance obtained using the established size parameters. CONCLUSIONS: For lung adenocarcinoma, the quantitative measurement of NICmuscle derived from DECT is useful for differentiating benign and metastatic mediastinal and hilar LNs before surgical intervention.

Discrimination of invasive lung adenocarcinoma from Lung-RADS category 2 nonsolid nodules through visual assessment: a retrospective study.

OBJECTIVES: Invasive adenocarcinomas (IADs) have been identified among nonsolid nodules (NSNs) assigned as Lung Imaging Reporting and Data System (Lung-RADS) category 2. This study used visual assessment for differentiating IADs from noninvasive lesions (NILs) in this category. METHODS: This retrospective study included 222 patients with 242 NSNs, which were resected after preoperative computed tomography (CT)-guided dye localization. Visual assessment was performed by using the lung and bone window (BW) settings to classify NSNs into BW-visible (BWV) and BW-invisible (BWI) NSNs. In addition, nodule size, shape, border, CT attenuation, and location were evaluated and correlated with histopathological results. Logistic regression was performed for multivariate analysis. A p value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: A total of 242 NSNs (mean diameter, 7.6 ± 2.8 mm), including 166 (68.6%) BWV and 76 (31.4%) BWI NSNs, were included. IADs accounted for 31% (75) of the nodules. Only 4 (5.3%) IADs were identified in the BWI group and belonged to the lepidic-predominant (n = 3) and acinar-predominant (n = 1) subtypes. In univariate analysis for differentiating IADs from NILs, the nodule size, shape, CT attenuation, and visual classification exhibited statistical significance. Nodule size and visual classification were the significant predictors for IAD in multivariate analysis with logistic regression (p < 0.05). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of visual classification in IAD prediction were 94.7%, 43.1%, 42.8%, and 94.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The window-based visual classification of NSNs is a simple and objective method to discriminate IADs from NILs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: The present study shows that using the bone window to classify nonsolid nodules helps discriminate invasive adenocarcinoma from noninvasive lesions. KEY POINTS: • Evidence has shown the presence of lung adenocarcinoma in Lung-RADS category 2 nonsolid nodules. • Nonsolid nodules are classified into the bone window-visible and the bone window-invisible nonsolid nodules, and this classification differentiates invasive adenocarcinoma from noninvasive lesions. • The Lung-RADS category 2 nonsolid nodules are unlikely invasive adenocarcinoma if they show nonvisualization in the bone window.

Minimal Clinically Important Difference (MCID) in the Functional Status Measures in Patients with Stroke: Inverse Probability Treatment Weighting.

This study proposed to evaluate the temporal trend, define the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for five functional status measures, and identify risk factors for reaching deterioration in the MCID. This prospective cohort study analyzed 680 patients with ischemic stroke and 151 patients with hemorrhagic stroke at six hospitals between April 2015 and October 2021. All patients completed the functional status measures before rehabilitation (baseline), and at the 12th week and 2nd year after rehabilitation. Patients in the post-acute care (PAC) group exhibited significantly larger improvements for the functional status measures compared to those in the non-PAC group (p < 0.05). Patients with hemorrhagic stroke also displayed larger improvements in the functional status measures when compared to patients with ischemic stroke. Furthermore, the improvement in MCID ranged from 0.01 to 16.18 points when comparing baseline and the 12th week after rehabilitation, but the deterioration in MCID ranged from 0.38 to 16.12 points. Simultaneously, assessing the baseline and the second year after rehabilitation, the improvement in MCID ranged from 0.01 to 18.43 points, but the deterioration in MCID ranged from 0.68 to 17.26 points. Additionally, the PAC program, age, education level, body mass index, smoking, readmission within 30 days, baseline functional status score, use of Foley catheter and nasogastric tube, as well as a history of previous stroke are significantly associated with achieving deterioration in MCID (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that if the mean change scores of the functional status measures have reached the thresholds, the change scores can be perceived by patients as clinically important.

Prevalence, trends, and characteristics of polypharmacy among US pregnant women aged 15 to 44 years: NHANES 1999 to 2016.

Polypharmacy has become a major health issue for pregnant woman due to the increased trend of medication use during pregnancy. However, data on medication use in pregnancy are limited since pregnant women are rarely included in clinical trials. Our study aimed to investigate the trends of and characteristics associated with polypharmacy among pregnant women in the US. This study was conducted using data from The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in the US. Nine The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycles between 1999 and 2016 were used to identify pregnant women aged 15 to 44 years. Polypharmacy was defined as more than 1 medication prescription used during pregnancy. Descriptive statistics were used to report the prevalence and trends of polypharmacy. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate characteristics associated with polypharmacy among US pregnant women. Among 3,350,983 US pregnant women, about 7.4% of them (247,525) experienced polypharmacy. The prevalence of polypharmacy increased from 2.8% (1999-2000) to 10.0% (2015-2016) (P < .01) over-the time period examined in this study. Pregnant women were less likely to have experienced polypharmacy than were nonpregnant women (7.4% vs 23.5%, P < .01). Levothyroxine and albuterol were 2 prescriptions commonly taken by pregnant women. Pregnant women who were non-Hispanic white (P < .05) or had asthma (P < .05) or diabetes (P < .01) were more likely to report polypharmacy. Regarding personal characteristics, women with a poor or fair self-reported general health condition (odds ratio: 5.12, 95% confidence interval: 1.23-21.34) and those with chronic conditions (odds ratio: 6.91, 95% confidence interval: 3.08-15.50) were found to be associated with polypharmacy. An increased trend of polypharmacy was found in the US from 1999 to 2016. Non-Hispanic white pregnant women with a poor health status and chronic diseases were at an increased risk of polypharmacy.

Fluoroscopic-guided nasogastric tube placement in patients with advanced head and neck cancers.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Enteral feeding, mainly by using a nasogastric tube (NGT), is generally favored over parenteral supplementation in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients with dysphagia. However, the placement of a NGT, either blindly or by endoscopy, is technically challenging in these patients due to the obstructive mass and the altered regional anatomy. The aim of this retrospective study was to estimate the clinical feasibility and safety of fluoroscopic-guided NGT placement in patients with advanced HNC. METHODS: Between January 2010 and June 2018, a total of 572 fluoroscopic-guided NGT placements were performed on 231 patients. Technical success was defined as successful insertion of the NGT into the stomach with proper positioning, which was verified by air injection into the NGT. Complications, including aspiration pneumonia, and the ones requiring intensive care, or procedure-related death, were recorded. RESULTS: Technical success was obtained in 558 (97.6%) procedures, and the other 14 (2.4%) procedures failed because of patient intolerance (n = 1) and high-grade obstruction (n = 13). Of the high-grade obstruction patients, eight (61.5%) were shifted to percutaneous radiological gastrostomy, two (15.4%) to surgical feeding jejunostomy, one (7.6%) to endoscopic balloon dilatation, and two (15.4%) to orogastric tube insertion. The average procedure time and fluoroscopy time were 11.7 ± 7.4 min and 3.1 ± 3.1 min, respectively. There were no major complications. CONCLUSION: Our results show that fluoroscopic-guided NGT placement is a highly safe and effective procedure for patients with advanced HNC requiring enteral feeding.

Understanding the characteristics of friendship quality, activity participation, and emotional well-being in Taiwanese adolescents with autism spectrum disorder.

BACKGROUND: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a lifelong developmental disability characterized by deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts. Existing literature on social relationships and well-being among adolescents with ASD in Asian countries is scant. AIMS: This study compared the perceptions of adolescents with ASD with those of their neurotypical peers toward their friendship quality, activity participation, and emotional well-being, and examined the relationships between friendship quality, activity participation, and emotional well-being. METHODS: The study participants-101 adolescents with ASD and 101 neurotypical peers, aged 10-19 years-completed the following self-administered questionnaires: the Friendship Quality Questionnaire, the Child and Adolescent Scale of Participation, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the short-form UCLA loneliness scale. RESULTS: Adolescents with ASD reported lower friendship quality, lower school participation, and higher levels of anxiety and loneliness compared to their neurotypical peers. Loneliness correlated negatively with friendship quality and school participation and positively with anxiety. Adolescents with ASD experienced increased levels of anxiety when low friendship quality was accompanied by greater loneliness. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE: These findings reveal that friendship quality, school participation, and loneliness have a considerable effect on the emotional well-being of adolescents with ASD, thus indicating the need for therapeutic interventions that address interpersonal relationships and emotional well-being.

Efficacy and hepatic complications of three endovascular treatment approaches for delayed postpancreatectomy hemorrhage: evolution over 15 years.

BACKGROUND: Delayed postpancreatectomy hemorrhage (PPH) is a fatal complication caused by arterial erosion. This study reports a single-center experience of managing delayed PPH with different endovascular treatment approaches. METHODS: We reviewed the data of patients who had delayed PPH due to hepatic artery or gastroduodenal artery stump perforation and underwent endovascular treatment between 2003 and 2018. We categorized endovascular treatment approaches involving hepatic artery sacrifice, superselective pseudoaneurysm embolization with hepatic artery preservation, and covered stent placement. Technical success rates, hemorrhage recurrence rates, major and minor hepatic complication rates, and 30-day and 1-year mortality rates were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 18 patients were reviewed; 11 (61%), 4 (22%), and 3 (17%) delayed PPH cases were managed through hepatic artery sacrifice, superselective pseudoaneurysm embolization, and hepatic artery stenting, respectively. Multidetector computed tomography was performed in 14 (78%) patients. The technical success rate was 100%. The overall hemorrhage recurrence rate was 39%, with superselective pseudoaneurysm embolization having a 100% hemorrhage recurrence rate-much higher than that of hepatic artery sacrifice or stent graft placement. The overall major and minor hepatic complication rates were 56% and 83%, respectively. The overall 30-day and 1-year mortality rates were 11% and 25%, respectively. The 30-day and 1-year mortality rates and minor and major hepatic complication rates were similar in each group. CONCLUSION: Hepatic artery sacrifice is more effective than superselective pseudoaneurysm embolization in the management of delayed PPH. Covered stent placement may be a reasonable alternative treatment to hepatic artery sacrifice.

A combinatorial approach towards the synthesis of non-hydrolysable triazole-iduronic acid hybrid inhibitors of human α-l-iduronidase: discovery of enzyme stabilizers for the potential treatment of MPSI.

Preparation of substituent-diverse, triazole-iduronic acid hybrid molecules by click reaction of an azido iduronic acid derivative with randomly chosen alkynes is described. Library members were screened for their ability to inhibit α-l-iduronidase, and hit molecules and analogues were then investigated for their ability to stabilize rh-α-IDUA in a thermal denaturation study. This work resulted in the discovery of the first small molecules that can be used to stabilize exogenous rh-α-IDUA protein in vitro.

Total body irradiation tremendously impair the proliferation, differentiation and chromosomal integrity of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal stem cells.

Total body irradiation (TBI) is frequently used in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and is associated with many complications due to radiation injury to the normal cells, including normal stem cells. Nevertheless, the effects of TBI on the mesenchymal stromal stem cell (MSC) are not fully understood. Bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) isolated from normal adults were irradiated with 200 cGy twice daily for consecutive 3 days, a regimen identical to that used in TBI-conditioning HSCT. The characteristics, differentiation potential, cytogenetics, hematopoiesis-supporting function, and carcinogenicity of the irradiated BM-MSCs were then compared to the non-irradiated control. The irradiated and non-irradiated MSCs shared similar morphology, phenotype, and hematopoiesis-supporting function. However, irradiated MSCs showed much lower proliferative and differentiative potential. Irradiation also induced clonal cytogenetic abnormalities of MSCs. Nevertheless, the carcinogenicity of irradiated MSCs is low in vitro and in vivo. In parallel with the ex vivo irradiation experiments, decreased proliferative and differentiative abilities and clonal cytogenetic abnormalities can also be found in MSCs isolated from transplant recipients who had received TBI-based conditioning previously. Thus, TBI used in HSCT drastically injury MSCs and may contribute to the development of some long-term complications associated with clonal cytogenetic abnormality and poor adipogenesis and osteogenesis after TBI.

Deferasirox has strong anti-leukemia activity but may antagonize theanti-leukemia effect of doxorubicin.

Deferasirox (DFX), in addition to its iron-chelation property, has marked anti-proliferative effects on cancer cells. However, the activity and mechanism by which DFX inhibits acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells remain to be elucidated. Furthermore, the anti-leukemia effect of combining DFX with currently recommended agents doxorubicin (DOX) and cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) has not been studied. In this study, we show that DFX significantly reduces the viability of three AML cell lines, HL60, THP1, and WEHI3 and two primary leukemic cells harvested from AML patients. DFX induces cell cycle arrest at G1 phase and apoptosis and inhibits phosphorylation of ERK. We also showed that DFX antagonizes the anti-leukemic effect of DOX. On the contrary, combining DFX with Ara-C created a synergistic effect. Our study confirms the anti-leukemia activity of DFX and provides important information on how to select a partner drug for DFX for the treatment of AML in future clinical trials.

Kinetics of T helper subsets and associated cytokines correlate well with the clinical activity of graft-versus-host disease.

BACKGROUND: CD4(+)interferon (IFN)-γ(+) T cell (Th1) and CD4(+)interleukin (IL)-4(+) T cell (Th2) polarizations are crucial in the pathogenesis of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). However, this hypothesis is largely based on animal experiments of Parent-into-F1 GVHD model. The causal relationship between kinetics of Th1, Th2 and associated cytokines and the clinical activity of GVHD in a real world situation remains unknown. METHODOLOGY: Peripheral blood was collected every week prospectively from Day 0 to Day 210 (patients without GVHD) or Day 300 (patients with chronic GVHD) after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in consecutive 27 patients. The frequencies of Th1 and Th2 within CD4(+) T cells were determined by flow cytometry and pplasma IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-4, and IL-10 were determined by ELISA. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Kinetics of Th1, Th2 frequency, and the plasma IL-10 and IFN-γ more commonly coincided with, rather than predicted, the activity of GVHD. These markers are significantly higher when acute or chronic GVHD developed. The kinetics of IL-10 is especially correlated well with the activity of GVHD during clinical course of immunosuppressive treatment. For patients with hepatic GVHD, there is a positive correlation between plasma IL-10 levels and the severity of hepatic injury. The frequency of Th2 is also significant higher in acute GVHD and tends to be higher in chronic GVHD. Interestingly, there is a very good positive correlation between the frequency of Th1 and Th2 (r = 0.951, p<0.001). The plasma level of IL-4 and IL-12 are not associated with the activity of GVHD. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of Th1, Th2 within CD4(+) T cells and plasma IL-10 and IFN-γ are good biomarkers of GVHD. Plasma IL-10 can also be used to monitor the therapeutic responsiveness. Furthermore, both Th1 and Th2 likely contribute to the pathogenesis of GVHD.

Computed tomographic analysis of frontal recess anatomy and its effect on the development of frontal sinusitis.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To use computed tomography to determine the association of frontal recess cells with the development of frontal sinusitis. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed various frontal recess cells on spiral computed tomographic images of sinuses between November 2007 and May 2009. Exclusion criteria included previous sinus surgery, sinonasal polyposis, age younger than 18 years, maxillofacial fracture, incomplete sections of computed tomography, and sinonasal malignancy. We used logistic regression analysis to compare the distribution of various frontal recess cells in patients with frontal sinusitis and those without frontal sinusitis. RESULTS: A total of 192 patients met the criteria, and only 363 sides were distinguishable. The presence of suprabullar cells, supraorbital ethmoid cells, frontal bullar cells, and recessus terminalis was significantly associated with the development of frontal sinusitis by multiple logistic regression models. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of frontal recess cells analyzed in Taiwanese adult patients was similar to that analyzed in other Asian adult populations (Chinese and Korean). The frontoethmoid cells posterior and posterolateral to the frontal recess (suprabullar cells, frontal bullar cells, and supraorbital ethmoid cells) might reveal a more significant association with the development of frontal sinusitis than those anterior to the frontal recess (agger nasi cells, frontal cell types 1-3). The presence of supraorbital ethmoid cells on computed tomographic images might indicate the highest odds of frontal sinusitis, followed by the presence of suprabullar cells, frontal bullar cells, and recessus terminalis.

Nasal Rosai-Dorfman disease with intracranial involvement: a case report.

Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai-Dorfman disease) is a rare but distinctive entity. It was initially described as a nodal-based disease but later found to affect a variety of extranodal sites. The diagnosis of Rosai-Dorfman disease is based on the unique histologic changes that are characterized by proliferation of S-100 protein-positive histiocytes, the presence of emperipolesis, and a mixture of prominent lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates. The etiology of Rosai-Dorfman disease is unknown. It usually runs a benign clinic course and may resolve spontaneously, but cases running protracted courses have also been reported. We report an unusual case of recurrent extranodal Rosai-Dorfman disease in nasal and paranasal cavities with intracranial involvement surviving for more than 9 years.

Subglottic leiomyoma: report of a case.

Subglottic leiomyoma is a rare disease. We encountered such a tumor in a 7-year-old boy who was transferred to our hospital with respiratory distress and hoarseness of 2 week's duration. Stridor was noted and flexible fiberoscopy revealed a huge mass over the subglottis. The tumor was removed endoscopically. Pathologic examination disclosed a leiomyoma. The patient recovered well and no recurrence was noted during 17 months of follow-up. Although subglottic leiomyoma is rare, it should be included in the differential diagnosis of a subglottic tumor.