The Effects of Single-Bout Exercise Interventions with Different Exercise Modalities on Executive Function in Youths.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate how single-bout open-skill exercise (OSE), closed-skill exercise (CSE), and mixed-skill exercise intervention (MSE) influence executive function. METHOD: A total of 120 students aged between 18 and 25 were separated into three groups: closed-skill exercise, open-skill exercise, and mixed-skill exercise. A task-switching test was performed before and after a single bout of exercise intervention. The simple reaction time, choice reaction time, switch cost, and correction rate were tested in a task-switching test. The results were analyzed via a two-way analysis of variance, with a significance level of α = 0.05, to compare the effects of the intervention. RESULTS: Only open-skill exercise exhibited a significant effect on the simple reaction time (p < 0.05). In terms of choice reaction time and switch cost, all three intervention groups exhibited significant improvements, with no significant differences observed between the three groups (p < 0.05). The correction rate did not show a significant effect post-intervention, and no significant differences were observed between the groups. The correction rate showed no significant effect after the intervention or between groups. CONCLUSION: All three types of exercise can shorten choice reaction time and switch cost, but only OSE can reduce simple reaction time.

Upconversion nanoparticle-based fluorescence resonance energy transfer sensing of programmed death ligand 1 using sandwich epitope-imprinted polymers.

Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) has been shown to suppress the anti-tumor immune response of some lung cancer patients, and thus PD-L1 expression may be a valuable predictor of the efficacy of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monoclonal therapy in such patients. In this work, a sandwich approach to fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) was used with green-emitting Yb3+/Ho3+-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) and a rhodamine-conjugated conductive polymer as donor and acceptor, respectively. Yb3+/Ho3+-doped UCNPs were synthesized and then coated with poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol), pEVAL, imprinted with PD-L1 peptide. Epitope-imprinted composite nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering, superconducting quantum interference magnetometry, and atomic force microscopy. Poly(triphenylamine rhodamine-3-acetic acid-co-3,4-ethoxylenedioxythiophene)s copolymers (p(TPAR-co-EDOT)) were imprinted with various epitopes of PD-L1 by in situ electrochemical polymerization. The epitope-imprinted polymer-coated electrodes were then characterized by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Finally, the sandwich sensing of various PD-L1 concentrations with peptide-imprinted p(TPAR-co-EDOT)-coated substrate and UCNP-containing magnetic peptide-imprinted pEVAL nanoparticles by FRET was conducted to measure the concentration of PD-L1 in A549 lung cancer cell lysate.

The Effects of High-Intensity Power Training versus Traditional Resistance Training on Exercise Performance.

Background: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) features short, repeated bursts of relatively vigorous exercise with intermittent periods of rest or low-intensity exercise. High-intensity power training (HIPT), in combination with HIIT and traditional resistance training (TRT), is characterized as multijoint high-intensity resistance exercises with low interset rest periods. HIPT requires people to finish the exercise as fast as possible, which increases acute physiological demands. The aim of the study was to investigate the differences between eight-week HIPT or TRT on exercise performance. Methods: Twenty-four college students were recruited and randomly assigned to either the HIPT or TRT group in a counterbalanced order. The power of upper and lower limbs (50% 1RM bench press and vertical jump) and anaerobic power were tested before and after the training (weeks 0 and 9). The results were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Friedman's test with a significance level of α = 0.05 to compare the effects of the intervention on exercise performance. Results: There were significant differences in the explosive force of the upper and lower limbs between the pretest and post-test in both the HIPT and TRT groups (p < 0.05). However, only the HIPT group showed a significant difference in the mean power on the Wingate anaerobic test between the pretest and post-test (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Both HIPT and TRT can improve upper and lower limb explosive force. HIPT is an efficient training protocol, which took less time and produced a better improvement in mean anaerobic power.

Embedded Upconversion Nanoparticles in Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Photodynamic Therapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

In this work, high-temperature pyrolysis was used to prepare both the core and shell of lantha-nide-doped UCNPs with lithium yttrium tetrafluoride (LiYF4) to enhance the green luminescence. Merocyanine 540 (MC540)-grafted magnetic nanoparticles were incorporated in the PD-L1 pep-tide-imprinted poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) particles, which were formed by precipitation in a non-solvent. UCNPs in the non-solvent bath were thus entrapped in the imprinted particles to generate composite nanoparticles for the targeting and photodynamic therapy of PD-L1 in tumor cells. Finally, the in vitro cytotoxicity of the nanoparticles in HepG2 human liver cancer cells was evaluated with the continuous administration of MC540/MNPs@MIPs/UCNPs under irradiation by an NIR laser. To understand the delivery of the UCNP-embedded molecularly imprinted pol-ymers, the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways were also investigated.

The impact of diabetes mellitus medication on the incidence of endogenous endophthalmitis.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between diabetic mellitus (DM) treatment and the incidence rate of endogenous endophthalmitis (EE). DESIGN: This study used a matched cohort design. We utilized the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database to identify outpatients and inpatients who were diagnosed with DM and treated with medication from 2000 to 2010. METHODS: Several factors and different DM medications were also investigated. The influence of DM medication on the incidence of EE was examined by using Cox proportional hazards regression models, and the hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were determined. RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of EE was lower in DM patients treated with medication than in subjects in the control group (P = 0.002). The adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) was 0.47-fold lower in the treatment group than in the control group (P = 0.004). With respect to DM medication, single-agent therapy with insulin, metformin, gliclazide, glimepiride, or repaglinide and combination therapy with glimepiride/metformin or repaglinide/metformin were associated with decreased AHRs (0.257-0.544, all P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Diabetic patients treated with medication had lower AHRs than those in the control group. Further stratification indicated that liver abscess, liver disease DM patients who were treated with medication had a lower risk of developing EE. Several specific DM medications may decrease the incidence of EE.

No primexine and plasma membrane undulation is essential for primexine deposition and plasma membrane undulation during microsporogenesis in Arabidopsis.

Primexine deposition and plasma membrane undulation are the initial steps of pollen wall formation. However, little is known about the genes involved in this important biological process. Here, we report a novel gene, NO PRIMEXINE AND PLASMA MEMBRANE UNDULATION (NPU), which functions in the early stage of pollen wall development in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Loss of NPU function causes male sterility due to a defect in callose synthesis and sporopollenin deposition, resulting in disrupted pollen in npu mutants. Transmission electronic microscopy observation demonstrated that primexine deposition and plasma membrane undulation are completely absent in the npu mutants. NPU encodes a membrane protein with two transmembrane domains and one intracellular domain. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that NPU is strongly expressed in microspores and the tapetum during the tetrad stage. All these results together indicate that NPU plays a vital role in primexine deposition and plasma membrane undulation during early pollen wall development.