ABSTRACT
In Piaget's 3-mountains task, 3D objects - a cube, cone and sphere - sit on a square tabletop. They are portrayed in 2D pictures as elevations (projections to the sides) such as one with a square on the left, a triangle in the middle and a circle on the right. Three objects offer six elevations, of which four are possible and two impossible. The possibles are elevations from the sides of the table - front, left, right and rear. In the impossibles, an object in the corner of the table is shown in the middle of an elevation. Sighted, sighted-blindfolded, early- and late-blind adults judged the elevations as to side of the table or impossible. The results suggest similar spatial abilities across groups. The impossible options had mid-range accuracy for all groups, with reaction times like possible options. The sighted and blind participants may consider possible and impossible options sequentially, one item at a time.
Subject(s)
Touch , Vision, Ocular , Adult , Humans , Reaction Time , BlindnessABSTRACT
This paper reports the development of a series of 5-aroylindolyl-substituted hydroxamic acids. N-Hydroxy-4-((5-(4-methoxybenzoyl)-1 H-indol-1-yl)methyl)benzamide (6) has potent inhibitory selectivity against histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) with an IC50 value of 3.92 nM. It decreases not only the level of phosphorylation of tau proteins but also the aggregation of tau proteins. Compound 6 also shows neuroprotective activity by triggering ubiquitination. In animal models, compound 6 is able to ameliorate the impaired learning and memory, and it crosses the blood-brain barrier after oral administration. Compound 6 can be developed as a potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease in the future.
Subject(s)
Histone Deacetylase 6/antagonists & inhibitors , Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/chemistry , Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Indoles/chemistry , Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology , Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy , Animals , Binding Sites , Blood-Brain Barrier/drug effects , Cell Line , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Histone Deacetylase 6/chemistry , Histone Deacetylase 6/metabolism , Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Humans , Hydroxamic Acids/chemistry , Indoles/pharmacology , Male , Memory and Learning Tests , Mice, Transgenic , Molecular Docking Simulation , Neuroprotective Agents/chemistry , Phosphorylation/drug effects , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Rats, Wistar , Ubiquitination/drug effects , tau Proteins/metabolismABSTRACT
A 12-year-old congenitally-blind girl drew a car moving, stationary, and braking. For stationary, she put the wheels inside the car and, for braking, drew the wheels as rough rectangles. At the age verbal metaphor is understood (Winner, 1988), the girl invented metaphoric drawings. In these, what is shown is not what is meant. In late childhood, metaphor may be understood similarly in pictures and words and by the sighted and blind.
Subject(s)
Automobiles , Blindness/congenital , Blindness/psychology , Medicine in the Arts , Metaphor , Child , Concept Formation , Female , Humans , Motion Perception , Sensory AidsABSTRACT
Plans show shapes of objects from above, and represent both their left-right order and their order in the z-dimension (the distance of the objects). Elevations show only the vertical shapes of objects arranged from left to right. Plans, having more spatial information, may be more difficult for participants to construct. Results from a study with sighted, sighted-blindfolded, and early-blind participants on Piaget's perspective-taking three-mountain task support this hypothesis. The plan task was judged more difficult than the elevation task even when participants performed with the same level of accuracy on both tasks. In visual and tactile tasks, amount of spatial-order information may determine difficulty, rather than plan versus elevation per se.
