THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE ADULTS' A--V NODES / 解剖学报

Observation had been made on two male adults' hearts.Under electron microscopy,it is found that the A-V node consists of three types of cells,i.e.P cells,transitional cells and Purkinje cells.Because the specimen was cut from the central part of the A-V node, therefore the general myocardial cells were not observed.One of characteristics distingui- shed from the sino-atrial node is the presence of a few Purkinje cells in the A-V node.The number of P cells is far less than S-A node,and the transitional cells are predominant.In the interstitial tissues of the A-V node,the collagenous fibers are not so much as in S-A node but a numbers of capillarie,fibroblasts,mast cells and non-medul- lated nerve fibers can be seen.

MICROVASCULATURE OF THE POLAR CUSHION CELL AREA OF ADULTIS GLOMERULUS / 解剖学报

Three fresh kidneys removed from three adult bodies were perfused through the renal artery with 5％ and 10％ ABS (a copolymer of allylcyanide, butadiene and styrolene). Small specimens removed from the kidney were digested in 50％ HCI. Cast replicas of renal arteries and their branches were taken and examined with SEM (S-450 or S-520). The results were as follows.The capillary network of the area of the polar cushion cell were observed at the hilum of glomerulus in our casts. Their appearances are triangular, tetragonal or comma-like. In general, the shape of the meshes of the capillary network was round, oval, triangular or tetragonal. The diameters of the meshes were smaller than that of the vessels themselves. The microvessels of the area of the polar cushion cell, which mainly originated from the afferent arteriole, were continuous with the capillary of the glomerulus. The afferent arteriole was often traveled in the central part of the area of the polar cushion cell. The function of the microvessels of the area of the polar cushion cell was discussed in this article.

MICROVASCULATURE OF THE LEFT VENTRICULAR WALL OF THE CANINE HEART STUDIED BY CORROSION CAST METHOD UNDER SEM / 解剖学报

Hearts from eight adult dogs were perfused through both coronary arteries with methylmethacrylate. Small specimens cut out from the left ventricular wall were eroded in 50% HCL for 5-7 days. The replicas were studied under the SEM (S-450). The main results were outlined as follows: The subendocardial capillary plexus composed of varied shapes and orientation of meshes was present. The capillary network of the myocardial layers was consisted of many parallel capillaries and between them a variety of models of anastomoses, such as "H" "K" and "8" modes etc, were observed. In our findings, it was demonstrated that the arteriole and venule were distributed between the myocardial bundles and their direction was often perpendicular to the myocardial bundles. The postcapillary venules were poured into venule by the "ginger or turnip root" arrangement. The replicas of the Thebesian veins were proved in our specimens. The A-V shunting was not observed.

OBSERVATIONS OF THE PULMONARY CAPILLARY AND ALVEOLAR CASTS UNDER THE SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE / 解剖学报

Three fresh lungs removed from three male adult dogs were injected with ABS. This material was injected into each lobe of the lung through the pulmonary artery and bronchus simultaneously. The pressure was maintained between 200～280 mmHg. The injected specimens were digested in 20～50％ HCl and peptic solutions for 7～10 days. A part of the cast replicas of the lungs was taken off and gilded with EIKO IB-3. Under SEM (HITACHIS～450) the specimens thus prepared were observed. The chief findings were as follows:Scanning electron micrographs of the injected vascular system presented a clear, three-dimensional picture of extensive capillary networks around the individual alveoli. In the septa between alveoli the capillary networks appeared to be a single layer. These networks looked like pentagonal or hexagonal rings; the meshes in between them were smaller than the vessels themselves.The capillaries observed here in the scanning stereopicture belonged to the category of the alvioli cappilary of the subpleura; the meshes of which were larger than those of other parts.Because the numerous alveoli and capillary networks surrounding the alveoli were filled with the ABS, the position and the shape of the capillary networks can be seen very clearly.The lumen of the alveoli were polyhedron in shape, various in sizes and smooth in contour. Many imprints of the alveolar type Ⅱ cell nuclei existed on the surface. The bridge formation between alveoli were really interalveolar pores; their number and diameter varied. The function of the interalveolar pores was briefly considered in this paper.

THE MORPHOMETRY OF THE INTRAMEMBRANOUS PARTICLES OF THE DOG SINUS NODE CELLS——FREEZE REPLICA METHOD STUDY / 解剖学报

The morphometry of the intramembranous particles (IMP) of the dog sinus node cells was studied with freeze-cleaved specimens under H-500 electron microscope. The photographs of IMP of the P cells and transitional cells were analysed with imaging analytical system (IBAS Ⅰ+Ⅱ type). The results are as follows. The mean area of IMP: on PF and EF faces of P cells are 25.800nm~2 and 17.816nm~2. The mean values of IMP on PF and EF faces of the transitional cells are 46.041nm~2 and 88.633nm~2. The averages of the perimeter of IMP on the PF and EF faces of P cells are 20.735 nm and 18.078 nm, respectively. And those of the transitional cells are 28.780 nm and 43.901 nm. The diameters of circles of IMP of PF and EF faces of P cells are 5.220 nm and 4.402 nm. Those of PF and EF faces of the transitional cells are 7.010 nm and 10.476 nm. The mean values of form factor of IMP on PF and EF faces of P cells are 0.653 and 0.643, and those of transitional cells are 0.627 and 0.573. The mumbers of IMP are 1325/?m~2 and 345/?m~2 on PF and EF faces of P cells, and the mumbers of IMP of the transitional cells are 3225/?m~2 on PF face and 590/?m~2 on EF face.

MORPHOLOGICAL OBSERVATION ON THE CORONARY ARTERIES OF THE RABBIT HEART / 解剖学报

The coronary arteries of 80 rabbit hearts were studied.Suspension of red lead oxide (Pb_3O_4)in turpentine was injected into the coronary artery.With clearing method and angiographic technique,we studied the branches of the left and right coronary artery, the angle between the anterior descending branch and the left circumflex branch of the left coronary artery,the relationship between the anterior descending artery and the great cardiac vein,the origin of the sinoatrial nodal artery and the atrioventricular nodal artery as well as the type of branch in coronary artery.The results were outlined as follows: 1.The angle between the anterior descending branch and the left circumflex branch is 35～45?in more than one half of the cases(54.5%). 2.The anterior descending branch is often small and short and accompanies the great cardiac vein.It may exist in four forms:1)Both branches run closely to each other. 2)Both run along with each other but leaving a distance in between.3)Both are over- lapping each other.4)Both are crossing each other between the inferior margin of the left auricle and pulmonary artery cone.Ligation of the anterior descending branch in animal experiments should be appropriately made between the right inferior margin of the auricle and the pulmonary artery cone. 3.The left ventricular branch is a direct continuation of the circumflex branch and gives off branches to anterior and posterior wall of the left ventricle. 4.There is an independent ventricular septal artery in the rabbit heart. 5.The sinoatrial nodal artery of the rabbit heart arises frequently from the right coronary artery(86.6%)and the atrioventricular nodal artery from the left coronary artery(72.5%). 6.Commonly the distribution of the coronary blood supply from the left and right coronary arteries to rabbit heart is nearly a balanced circultion(67.5%).Next frequent is the preponderance of the left coronary artery(28.8%),and the preponderance of the right coronary artery occurs only in 3.7%.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL ARCHITECTURE OF MICROVASCULATURE OF THE RABBIT RIGHT VENTRICLE / 解剖学报

The microvasculature of the rabbit right ventricle was studied by the method of vascular corrosion cast and scanning electron microscopy. In the endocardium could be seen thin and sparse capillary network i. e. subendothelial capillary network formed by the branches of the arterioles passing through myocardium. In the myocardium, arteriole and its branches distributed in certain area. Sphincters could be seen in the beginning of the arterioles. Capillaries of the papillary muscle in right ventricle were parallel to muscle bundle and were thinner and sparser than those of the papillary muscle in left ventricle. Venous system in right ventricle wall was similar in architecture to that in left ventricle, postcapillary venule joined its corresponding venule in a "turnip root" like pattern. No A-V anastomosis could be seen, yet thebesian vessels and myocardial sinusoids directly opened into ventrical chamber could be found.

THE VASCULAR ARCHITECTURE OF TESTIS IN ADULT MAN / 解剖学报

The vascular architecture of the adult man testis was examined by using thevascular casting method combined with scanning electron microscopy.The circuitousmain branches of testicular artery ran radially from testicular porta towards testicu-lar free border in tunica vasculosa.The test(?)cular surface veins were accompaniedby the main branches of testicular artery and they converged from testicular circum-ference circuitously towards testicular porta.There were centripetal artery andvein as well as centrifugal artery and vein in the septula testis.The intertubularblood vessels and the peritubular capillary plexus were contained in the testicularlobules.The latter was made up of two capillary layers.The outer layer was capil-lary network interwined in fine capillaries.The inner layer was coarse capillarycircles.The interstitial capillary plexus was situated in interstitial tissue between theseminiferous tubules and compose of capillaries arising from the origin of someperitubular capillaries.

THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE B(?)OMEMBRANE OF THE DOG SINUS NODE CELL——BY FREEZE REPLICAS METHOD / 解剖学报

The fine structure of the biomembrane of the sinus node cells in the dog wasstudied with the replicas of freezecleaved specimens.The intramembranous particles.(IMP)in the PF and EF faces of the plasma mcmbrane of the sinus node cells,were present.The density of the IMP on the PF faces was more dense than those ofEF faces,In general,the shape of the IMP of the plasma membrane(PF and EFfaces)exhibited spherical or spheroidal.The IMP of PF faces may be divided into,three groups,i.e.the larger,medium and small size.Numerous endocytotic vesicles.found on the PF faces appeared as circular depressions and as small walled craterson EF faces.No regular array of the vesicles had been observed on both faces,TheIMP of the mitochondrial cristae were more dense than those of the depression.TheIMP of PF face of the nuclear membrane were observed.Their size and shapepresent a uniform appearance.There were many nuclear pores in the surface of thenuclear membrance.In the cytoplasm,longitudinal and transverse sections of the myofibrils werefound.On the transverse section,the myofilaments of A and I band werepresent.The intercalated disk was observed.The gap junctions present between thesinus node cells were proved by Masson-Pevet et al in the rabbits but were notfound in our specimens.

OBSERVATIONS OF THE HUMAN PULMONARY CAPILLARIES AND ALVEOLAR CASTS UNDER THE SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE / 解剖学报

The architecture of the alveolus and its capillaries of human lung injected withsolution of ABS in methyl ethyl ketone was studied under the SEM.The results wereoutlined as follows:1.The alveolar casts were observed from the subpleural and intralobular septu-lar surfaces.The human alveolus is irregular polygon in appearance.The size ofthe alveolus is variable,its surface is smooth,there are many depressions of the topof type Ⅱ cells.The bridge-like structure between two adjacent alveoli are thecasts of the alveolar pores.They are variable both in size and number,and ofround or oval shapes with smooth surface.2.Capillaries of the subpleural space and interlobular septulum are transitional,and identical in appearance.Meshes of the capillary network are larger than thoseof other parts,but more closer in density compared with those in dog.Each capil-lary is branched from the metaarteriole.3.Capillaries in the alveolar septum is a single layer of dense network,theirdiameter are larger than those of the mesh hole.They originate mainly from thecapillaries of subpleural space and interlobular septulum.

OBSERVATION OF THE VASCULAR ARCHITECTURE OF THE RAT TESTIS / 解剖学报

The gross vessels and microvasculature of the rat testis were observed by clear method and corrosion cast method under SEM. The present study noted that there were two kinds of the microvascular arrangement around the circumference of the seminiferous tubule. The first one could be called the intertubular vessels. This vessel was either individual precapillary arteriole or two parallel capillaries connected by a few small branches to form network. The intertubular vessels were located in triangular columns of interstitial tissue between the seminiferous tubules and parallel with the tubules. The second one could be called the peritubular capillaries. These capillaries connected the intertubular vessels in the manner of a rope ladder, and encircled the seminiferous tubule, formed the peritubular capillary network in the subepithelium of the seminiferous tubule. Authors presume that this vascular feature of the architecture surrounding the seminiferous tubules may be related to high blood flow required in the metabolic activity of the tubules and it may contribute to immediate effect of androgen secreting in the interstitial tissue of the testis on the seminiferous tubules. In the article, the gross vascular feature of the arrangement in the rat testis and the microvascular arrangement in the visceral layer of tunica vaginalis of it is described in detail. Their functional significance is also discussed.

THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE ADULTS' A-V BUNDLE, PSEUDOCHORDAE TENDINEAE AND MODERATOR BAND / 解剖学报

The specimens were taken from two adults' hearts, thirty-four and twenty-eight years of age respectively. The A-V bundle was taken from the middle part of postero-inferior edge of the membranous part of the ventricular septum. The moderator band were cut from its superficial and deep part. The pseudochordae tendineae were collected from the left ventricle. All of the samples were fixed by 4％ glutaraldehyde. The chief results were as follows:There are many Purkinje cells in the A-V bundle, moderator band and pseudochordae tendineae. The shape of the Purkinje cells is broader and shorter than the ordinary myocardial cells. The myofibrils and myofiliments of the Purkinje cells are less than of those of the ordinary myocardial cells. The mitochondria of the Purkinje cells were often situated around the nucleus. In the A-V bundle, a few transitional cells and general myocardial cells may be observed. Therefore the His bundle may be consisted of Purkinje cells transitional cells and a few general myocardial cells. Our findings are not in accordance with that of Glomset et al. They observed that the A-V bundle only consisted of the general ventricle myocardial cells. The intercalated discs present between the Purkinje ceils in the A-V bundle were not typical. Besides the intercalated discs, we observed two sorts of the junction types in the A-V bundle: (1) An intercalated disc was observed between a branch of a transitional cell and the lateral surface of the other adjacent transitional cell. (2) Through the collagenous septum, there was a junction between a transverse branch of transitional cell and opposite transitional cell.

BRANCHES AND PATTERNS OF DISTRIBUTION OF THE CORONARY ARTERIES (CORDIS) IN CHINESE / 解剖学报

Observations on the coronary arteries of 100 embalmed hearts from 56 adults and 44 children, have been made. The results are as follows: (1) The point of origin of coronary arteries was found vertically on the margin of the aortic sinus in 69.4% of the left and 52.8% of the right respectively and horizontally at the middle third of the aortic sinus in 79.7% of the left and 67.5% of the right respectively. (2) The external diameter at the opening of the left coronary artery is greater than the right in both adults and children. The mean value of the external diameter at the opening of the left coronary arteries was 0.41?0.14 cm and of the right 0.31?0.02 cm, in children, while in adult, the figures were 0.53?0.02 cm and 0.45?0.02 cm respectively. (3) The accessory coronary artery occurred in 10%.The percentage is lower than other reports in China. (4) The branch and distribution of the left coronary artery were studied thoroughly; its diagonal branch occurred in 38.4%.The mean value of the angle between the left anterior descending branch and the left circumflex artery was about 80?. In one the left circumflex artery was absent. (5) The branch and distribution of the right coronary artery were also investigated carefully. Fifty six percent of the right coronary arteries terminate in the heart, diaphragmatic surface between the crux of the heart and the obtuse margin. The posterior descending branch of right coronary artery ended in the middle-lower third of the posterior longitudinal sulcus of the heart. The occurrence of desending septum artery is 6.1%. (6) An investigation on the posterior superior septum artery and Kugel’s artery has been made: the former, 45.5% of which originated from the right coronary artery, possessed only one branch while the latter, which has been seen in three cases, occurred in 30%. (7) The common type of distribution, in which the posterior wall of the left ventricle was supplied by the right circumflex branch, occurred in 80.2%.

OBAERVATIONS ON THE A-S NODE ARTERY AND A-V NODE ARTERY IN CHINESE / 解剖学报

A Study of one hundred hearts (adults 56, children 44) has been made. The S-A mode arteries and A-V node arteries are measured and analysed. The chief results are as fo11ows: (1) 67% of S-A node arteries originated from the right coronary artery; 33% arose from the left coronary artery. A number of the S-A node arteries arising from the right coronary artery were the continuation from the anterior right atrial branch. Occasionally, they may be come from the intermediate right atrial branch or intermediate left atrial branch. (2) The distance between the right S-A node artery origin and the aortic root was about 1.28?0.12 cm in adults, and 0.85?0.09 cm in children, while between the left S-A node artery origin and the bifurcation of the left coronary artery, it was about 0.84?0.19 cm in adults and 0.41?0.03 cm in children. The external diameters of the S-A node arteries were measured. The mean value was as follows: 0.17?0.01 cm (adults); 0.12?0.01 cm (children). (3) The relation between the origins of S-A node artery and A-V node artery may be divided into six types. ①The S-A node artery and A-V node artery which originated from the right coronary artery were about 58.06%. ②The S-A node artery arising from the left coronary artery and the A-V node artery originating from the right coronary artery occurred in 30.11% ③The S-A node artery originated from the right coronary attery, while the A-V node artery arose from the left. This condition was about 6.45%.④The type that the S-A node artery arose from both coronary arteries, and the A-V node artery originated from the right was about 3.22%.⑤Both the S-A node artery and A-V node artery arising from left coronary artery occurred in 1.08%.⑥The A-V node artery originating from the left and right coronary arteries, and the S-A node artery arising from the right coronary artery were about 1.08%.

THE EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THE COURSE OF ESTABLISHING CORONARY COLLATERAL CIRCULATION OF THE HEART IN RABBIT / 解剖学报

The course of estahlishing coronary collateral circulation has been studied after ligating the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery (L. A. D.) of the heart in 20 rabbits. Another 5 rabbits were studied as control group. The experimental results were as follows: (1) The rabbit electrocardiograms EGG were made before and after the ligation of the L. A. D. The EGG of control group was made only before killing. In these experiments, the pathological changes of No. 28 were observed immediately after ligating the L. A.D. It was found that the T wave was inverted in standard lead I, and that the volts of the QRS complex in lead Vc fell apparently. This phenomenon may be interpreted as myocardial ischemia in the anterior wall of the heart. After ligating the L. A. D. the S-T segment of No. 27 in AVL lead elevated and exceeded I mm, and the depressive Q wave in Vc lead was greater than the one-fourth of the R wave before killing. All of the phenomenen observed in the rabbit entirely confirmed the myocardial infarction and myocardial ischemia. In No. 25, the T wave was inverted in standard lead I, and the QRS complex in lead Vc was not only shallow in depth but also very little. The conditions accounted probably for myocardial ishcmia. During 4 to 21 days after ligating the L. A. D.,the pathological changes in the EGG occurred frequently.The rabbit ECG gradually became normal from 21 st day on. (2) The coronary arteries of the rabbit hearts were injected with X-ray contrast medium and were examined. The X-ray film thus obtained were compared with the specimen after they were cleared. At the same time, sections of the heart walls (the infarcted area and its surrounding areas) of fifteen rabbits were studied carefully under microscope. Our primary impression was that only a few newly formed vessels in the central part of the infarct till the fourth day after ligating the L. A. D. The vessels surrounding of the infarct show a slight winding and distension. During 10 to 28 days, the number of the newly formed vessels in the infarct increased gradually day by day. The vessels surroundings the infarct were also highly crooked and distended, especially in the anterior wall of the right ventricle. This is possibly the most active period in the establishment of coronary collateral circulation. During 28 to 49 days, the morphology of the vessels in the infarct area became similar to that of the corresponding area of the control group. (3) The significance of the coronary collateral circulation on the heart wall was discussed.

OBSERVATION ON VASCULAR CASTS OF UVEA NEWBORNS BY SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY / 解剖学报

Ten fresh eye balls removed from five newborn cadavers were studied.About2-4 hrs after death,cadavers were injected through both common carotid arteries withABS at a constant pressure between 120～150 mmHg.ABS-injected eyes were enucleatedand were cut into halves through equator or meridian.The specimens were digestedin 40% KOH.The corrosion-cast models of blood vessels in uvea were observed underthe SEM.The chief results of observation were as follows:Within the choroid,the blood vessels lie in stratified layers.The large vesselsare located in the outermost layer,next to this layer are smaller vessels.The innermostlayer consists of a continuous single layer of capillaries.The choriocapillaries end around the optic disc.This finding indicates that thechoriocapillaries are not directly involved in the disc circulation.Each short posterior ciliary artery supplied a segment of the choriocapillaries,with some capillary anastomosis between segments,so that the choriocapillaries werearranged in one plane as a single continuous layer of capillaries forming a network.The network of the choriocapillaries consisted of lobules of choriocapillaries.The precapillary arteriole lie in its center.In each lobule meshed capillaries appearedto radiate from a central focus.The postcapillary venule lay on the periphery of thelobule.The lobules varied in their geometric configuration,forming irregularlytriangular to hexagonal shapes.The average size of a lobules of newborn's chorioca-pillaries was 230/420? to 460/520?.The diameter of the choriocapillary varies between8? and 20?.The blood vessels of the ciliary body and iris divide from large circular arteryof iris and long posterior ciliary arteries.Each ciliary process contained a small arterywhich randomly branched to form a capillary network.It is drained by venule.