Equity and inclusivity in the faculty ranks: Our experience with a clinical track.

BACKGROUND: The evolution of nursing education requires a combination of strong academic faculty and expert clinicians. Different professional growth and development pathways are necessary to build a robust faculty with clinical and research expertise. Some schools have implemented a formal clinical track (CT) to complement the traditional tenure track for the professional advancement of CT. METHODS: The article presents a case example of how one institution maintains and advances a strong CT using the Kotter Change Model and discusses future directions. RESULTS: The school's infrastructure for promotion, which follows a similar structure and guidelines as Tenure Track (TT) Promotion and Tenure Guidelines, has led to an increase in the school's scholarly productivity among CT faculty across ranks. Increasing poster and podium presentations as well as publications to a national and international audience results in greater reach and improved reputation for the school, both nationally and internationally. CONCLUSIONS: While there is still work to be done to advance equity and inclusion for nursing CTs, developing and maintaining a CT with system-level structures holds significant value and provides a clear path to promotion, invests in clinical scholarship, and includes clinical faculty as full citizens in academia.

Exploring the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on perceptions of national scheduled childhood vaccines among Maori and Pacific caregivers, whanau, and healthcare professionals in Aotearoa New Zealand.

In Aotearoa New Zealand, there has been a marked decrease in the uptake of routine childhood vaccinations since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly among Maori and Pacific children. This Maori and Pacific-centered research used an interpretive description methodology. We undertook culturally informed interviews and discussions with Maori and Pacific caregivers (n = 24) and healthcare professionals (n = 13) to understand their perceptions of routine childhood vaccines. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis and privileged respective Maori and Pacific worldviews. Four themes were constructed. "We go with the norm" reflected how social norms, health personnel and institutions promoted (and sometimes coerced) participants' acceptance of routine vaccines before the pandemic. "Everything became difficult" explains how the pandemic added challenges to the daily struggles of whanau (extended family networks) and healthcare professionals. Participants noted how information sources influenced disease and vaccine perceptions and health behaviors. "It needed to have an ethnic-specific approach" highlighted the inappropriateness of Western-centric strategies that dominated during the initial pandemic response that did not meet the needs of Maori and Pacific communities. Participants advocated for whanau-centric vaccination efforts. "People are now finding their voice" expressed renewed agency among whanau about vaccination following the immense pressure to receive COVID-19 vaccines. The pandemic created an opportune time to support informed parental vaccine decision-making in a manner that enhances the mana (authority, control) of whanau. Maori and Pacific-led vaccination strategies should be embedded in immunization service delivery to improve uptake and immunization experiences for whanau.

Supporting patients and their carers to participate in infection prevention and control activities: The views of patients, family members, and hospital staff from Bangladesh, Indonesia, and South Korea.

BACKGROUND: Hand hygiene reminders for healthcare workers (HCWs) are commonly used to empower patients. However, this approach overlooks the role of family carers in delivering direct contact care in Asian countries. Limited knowledge exists regarding empowerment strategies for patients and their family carers in infection prevention and control (IPC) recommendations. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive exploration of IPC empowerment within the context of family involvement in care provision across Bangladesh, Indonesia, and South Korea. METHODS: In-depth interviews were conducted in 5 tertiary-level hospitals in Bangladesh, Indonesia, and South Korea. A total of 64 participants were interviewed through 57 interviews, including 6 group interviews, comprising 2 groups: (1) patients and their family and private carers; and (2) HCWs. RESULTS: The study identified barriers to engaging patients and family carers in IPC measures. These included concerns about the patient-HCW hierarchical relationship, lack of knowledge about healthcare-associated infection, IPC, and patient zone, perceptions of IPC as a barrier to family connections, and disempowerment of patients in IPC due to family bonds. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides diverse perspectives on IPC empowerment, revealing challenges faced by patients, family carers, and HCWs. The interlaced relationship established by social norms of family carer provision hinders the empowerment of family carers. Acknowledging the cultural influence on health care arrangements and its implication for IPC empowerment is crucial in mitigating these barriers.

Enhanced Classroom Engagement: Implementation of an Inclusive Teaching Strategy.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic posed challenges to nursing faculties, including transitioning to a virtual teaching platform and ensuring inclusivity, active engagement, and social justice, which are the hallmarks of excellence in nursing education. A three-step teaching strategy called enhanced classroom engagement (ECE-TS) was created. METHOD: The first step in ECE-TS required groups of students to read the assigned article and share five takeaways before class. The second step required each group to discuss and prepare a presentation using a rubric. The final step required each group to give a presentation to the class. RESULTS: Students noted ECE-TS promoted (a) individual learning; (b) collective learning; (c) inclusivity; (d) connection among students; (e) change in the classroom environment; and (f) generated proposals for future directions related to ECE-TS. CONCLUSION: ECE-TS, which is a promising strategy that promotes social justice, must be tested across teaching formats and programs. [J Nurs Educ. 2024;63(2):120-127.].

Barriers to and Recommendations for Equitable Access to Healthcare for Migrants and Refugees in Aotearoa, New Zealand: An Integrative Review.

The health system in Aotearoa New Zealand is predicated on equity in access to health services as a fundamental objective yet barriers to equitable access for migrant and refugees continue to exist. There is a paucity of studies that synthesise the experiences and realities of migrants, refugees and healthcare providers that hinder access to healthcare and provide recommendations to improve services. This review synthesised these barriers and recommendations, with an aim to improve equitable access to healthcare to migrants and refugees. An integrative review of 13 peer-reviewed research studies from EBSCOhost research databases published between January 2016 and September 2022. Studies included: (i) related to Aotearoa; (ii) had a focus on equitable delivery of healthcare to migrants and refugees; and (iii) had a full English text available. The PRISMA framework guided the reporting of the review. The findings were thematically analysed and presented using a narrative empirical synthesis. The findings were organised into three broad themes: attitudinal barriers, structural barriers, and recommendations. Attitudinal barriers included the lack of culturally competent healthcare providers, discrimination by healthcare providers, and personal, social, and cultural attributes. Structural barriers referred to policies and frameworks that regulated the accessibility of health services such as the cost of healthcare, accessibility and acceptability of interpreter services, length of allocated appointments and long waiting times for an appointment, difficulties navigating the health system, and logistical barriers. Recommendations focused on promoting a sense of belonging, enabling a whole-of-society approach that brings together all sectors involved in providing health care for collective impact, and advocating for government policies to create a system that addresses the core health service access needs. This review provides rich context-specific findings on the barriers to equitable access to healthcare and proposed interventions to enhance equitable health outcomes for migrants and refugees in Aotearoa. The review contributes to relevant policy decisions and has practical implications to build responsive health systems which are inclusive, equitable and best address the health needs of populations from diverse cultural backgrounds.

Exploring factors that influence vaccination uptake for children with refugee backgrounds: An interpretive description study of primary healthcare providers' perspectives.

BACKGROUND: Children with refugee backgrounds are at high risk of acquiring vaccine preventable diseases (VPDs) due to a complex set of factors, one being under-immunisation. In Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ), reported age-appropriate vaccination rates are suboptimal among children with refugee backgrounds. METHODS: A qualitative interpretive description study was undertaken to explore factors associated with access and uptake of immunisations and develop strategies to improve age-appropriate vaccinations among refugee children post-resettlement in NZ. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with healthcare providers (nurses and doctors) (N = 14) across seven resettlement locations in NZ. Collected data was transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed. RESULTS: Five themes were derived from the data that demonstrate the interrelated factors that influence vaccination uptake across the refugee caregiver, health provider and system levels. Providers discussed how caregivers' competing resettlement priorities and challenges early in the resettlement phase influenced their knowledge and access of vaccines and health services in NZ. Providers' knowledge of refugee caregivers' concerns was seen as a driver for positive change in forming therapeutic relationships with, and delivering health services to, former refugees. They discussed system level factors that influence access to and provision of immunisation services, such as resourcing, resettlement policies, system inefficiencies and missed opportunities. Emphasis was placed on communication between patients and providers to facilitate positive immunisation experiences. Overwhelming, providers displayed high motivation to improve immunisation services. Strategies were suggested to overcome identified barriers and included the provision of culturally and linguistically appropriate resources, education campaigns, reducing access barriers (e.g., after-hours clinics), and improving system efficiencies. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight root factors that impact immunisation uptake and experiences among children with refugee backgrounds. To reduce the burden of VPDs, broad system level changes are required to address the barriers to vaccine uptake faced by both families of refugee backgrounds and health providers.

Paediatric COVID-19 vaccination coverage and associated factors among migrant and non-migrant children aged 5-11 years in Aotearoa New Zealand: A population-level retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: Children with migrant and refugee backgrounds may experience immunisation inequities due to barriers to accessing and accepting vaccines. In Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ), national reporting can mask inequities in coverage by migration background. This study explored paediatric COVID-19 vaccine uptake among children with migrant and refugee backgrounds. METHODS: This population-level retrospective cohort study compared rates and determinants of paediatric COVID-19 vaccine uptake as of July 2022 amongst migrant and non-migrant children who were aged between 5 and 11 years as of January 2022. Linked de-identified administrative and health data available in Statistics NZ's Integrated Data Infrastructure were used, and univariate and multivariable logistic regression were conducted to determine associations. RESULTS: Of the total study population (N = 451,323), 3.5% were overseas-born migrant children, 31.3% were NZ-born migrant children, and 65.3% were NZ-born non-migrant children. Only 50.8% (229,164 out of 451,323) of children had received at least one dose. Migrant children were significantly more likely to have received a COVID-19 vaccination than non-migrant children. Logistic modelling revealed that all factors, including ethnicity, gender, age, family type, household income, deprivation, region, parent COVID-19 vaccination status, and child's previous COVID-19 infection, significantly influenced COVID-19 vaccine uptake. The largest contributing factor was parents' COVID-19 vaccination status. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that NZ's paediatric COVID-19 vaccination programme was able to address logistical and motivational barriers commonly identified amongst migrants and refugees. IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH: As parents' vaccination status is an important factor in vaccinating their own children, continuous efforts are needed to support confident parental COVID-19 vaccine decision-making. To address social inequities, engagement with marginalised communities to co-design tailored and localised approaches is recommended.

Childhood vaccination uptake among children born in Aotearoa New Zealand based on parental nationality.

Migrants and refugees generally experience immunization inequities compared to their host populations. Childhood vaccination coverage rates are influenced by a complex set of interrelated factors, including child and parental nativity. Coverage rates for MMR, pertussis, and HPV vaccines were compared among children born in Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ) of overseas-born parents or NZ-born parents. A nationwide retrospective cohort study was conducted using linked, de-identified data. Logistic regression models examined the most influential factors contributing to differences in timely vaccine uptake. Of the total study population who had received all scheduled vaccines (N = 760,269), 32.9% were children of migrant parents. Children of migrant parents had higher rates of complete and timely uptake for MMR, pertussis, and HPV vaccinations compared to non-migrant children. NZ-born children of migrant parents were significantly more likely to receive MMR and pertussis-containing vaccines on-time compared to those of non-migrants. All included factors, except for the child's gender and parents' English ability, significantly influenced vaccine uptake. Among NZ-born children of migrant parents, additional logistic modeling found significant differences based on parental duration of residence, visa group, and region of nationality. Findings point to the importance of differentiating between parent versus child nativity when examining immunization coverage. While vaccination rates were higher for NZ-born children of migrant parents, compared to non-migrant parents, timely coverage rates across both groups were below national targets. Continued efforts are needed to improve timely immunization service delivery to address suboptimal and inequitable coverage.

"She vaccinated my baby and that's all " Immunisation decision-making and experiences among refugee mothers resettled in Aotearoa New Zealand.

BACKGROUND: To prevent disease outbreaks, refugee children must be age-appropriately immunised. This qualitative study gained an in-depth understanding of refugee mothers' vaccine decision-making and experiences accessing immunisation services for their children post-resettlement in Aotearoa New Zealand. METHODS: An interpretive description methodology involving focus groups with refugee mothers (N = 45) was conducted in Auckland, one of the resettlement locations. Mothers were asked about their perceptions of vaccine-preventable diseases and vaccines, their experiences of attending immunisation events, and their suggestions for improvements to immunisation services. Data were analysed following the phases of reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS: Four themes were constructed. Do I have a choice? Mothers displayed pro-vaccination sentiments and parental obligation to vaccinate their children to protect their health, which underpinned their compliance with the national vaccine schedule. Transnational vaccine perceptions and behaviours It was evident that comparing their health experiences in their origin countries reinforced their positive perceptions of and trust in vaccines, health providers and their recommendations, the health system and government in New Zealand. Information sharing with their transnational networks had the potential to influence vaccine perceptions and behaviours in home and host countries. Unanswered questions and concerns Mothers discussed how many of their questions and concerns about immunisations and post-vaccine management went unanswered. Relationships and experiences matter Mothers stressed the importance of who vaccinated their child and how it was administered, highlighting that health providers' demeanour and competence influence their immunisation experiences. CONCLUSIONS: Health providers are encouraged to focus on creating a positive immunisation experience for refugee background families. Qualified interpreters and provision of culturally and linguistically appropriate information are required. Transnationalism at the individual level appears to influence vaccine perceptions and behaviours among refugee-background mothers. Future research focusing on caregivers with child(ren) who are not fully vaccinated would be beneficial.

MMR vaccine coverage and associated factors among overseas-born refugee children resettled in Aotearoa New Zealand: a national retrospective cohort study.

Background: Refugee children may be under-immunised against common vaccine-preventable diseases due to a myriad of factors related to their migration journey. Methods: This retrospective cohort study explored the rates and determinants of enrolment on the National Immunisation Register (NIR) and measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) coverage among refugee children up to 18 years old who resettled in Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ) from 2006 to 2013. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression were conducted to determine associations. Findings: Of the cohort (N = 2796), two thirds of the children (69%) were enrolled on the NIR. Among this sub-cohort (n = 1926), less than one third (30%) were age-appropriately vaccinated with MMR. MMR coverage was highest among younger children and improved over time. Logistic modelling revealed that visa category, year of arrival, and age group were significant factors that influenced NIR enrolment and MMR vaccine uptake. Those arriving via asylum seeking, family reunification and humanitarian pathways were less likely to be enrolled and vaccinated compared to refugees who entered under the national quota programme. More recent arrivals and younger children were more likely to be enrolled and vaccinated compared to children who arrived in NZ longer ago and were older. Interpretation: Resettled refugee children have suboptimal NIR enrolment and MMR coverage rates which varied significantly by visa category, highlighting the need for immunisation services to better engage with all refugee families. These findings suggest that broad structural factors related to policy and immunisation service delivery may influence the differentials seen. Funding: Health Research Council of New Zealand (18/586).

Vaccine hesitancy and its determinants among refugee parents resettled in Aotearoa New Zealand.

Vaccine hesitancy is an important factor underpinning suboptimal vaccine uptake and evidence on marginalized subgroups, such as refugees, is limited. This cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2020/21 with former refugee parents who resettled in Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ). The Parent Attitudes about Childhood Vaccines (PACV) was offered in Somali, Oromo, Arabic, and English languages, and the reliability of the four versions were evaluated. The prevalence of parental vaccine hesitancy was explored and the association between vaccine hesitancy and sociodemographic factors was examined using logistic regression. One hundred and seventy-eight responses were included in the analysis. The Cronbach's alpha scores for Somali, Oromo, Arabic, and English PACV were 0.89, 0.64, 0.53, and 0.77, respectively. The rate of parental vaccine hesitancy was 16.3%, 95% CI (10.7, 21.3). Most caregivers were concerned about vaccine side effects (47%), safety (43%), and efficacy (40%). Less than a quarter (21%) of parents had delayed their child receiving a vaccine and 12% had refused to vaccinate their child for reasons other than medical exemptions. After adjusting for covariate/s, parents' primary source of information and education status were significantly associated with vaccine hesitancy. Media as a primary source of vaccine information and low education status were associated with higher vaccine hesitancy. Vaccine hesitancy is relatively low among former refugees and is influenced by modifiable factors, including educational level and primary source of vaccine information. Vaccine information tailored to former refugee parents' concerns are required to reduce vaccine hesitancy and improve vaccine uptake.

Lessons From the Field: Strategies for Success in Obtaining Grant Funding.

OBJECTIVE: To summarize a preconference workshop that focused on how to be successful in obtaining funding by making one's scholarship innovative and significant. METHOD: In 2021, at the annual American Psychiatric Nurses Association (APNA) Conference, a panel of nurse scholars reflected on and discussed how to make grant proposals innovative and significant. Two moderators posed questions to five panelists at different stages in their research trajectories about four key research concepts: idea conception, framing for the funding agency, significance, and innovation. RESULTS: Conceptualizing an innovative, scholarly idea starts with a passion for the topic, a team of experts and scholarly community, and time to think and delve into the literature. For funding opportunities, start small, read the funding announcements thoroughly and carefully, and make sure it is the right fit. Strategies to illustrate significance include avoiding generalizations, maintaining objectivity, being clear about impact, and using strength-based language. Contemplate the many facets of innovation as well as balance innovation and feasibility. CONCLUSIONS: Inclusion of challenges in composing significance and innovation sections of grant proposals offers knowledge for psychiatric nurse researchers to add to their toolkits as they seek funding and conduct research and scholarship.

Research Priorities in Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing: Funding Availability, Recently Published Work, and Future Directions for Advancing Our Science.

BACKGROUND: Identifying and sharing psychiatric mental health (PMH) research priorities can help identify gaps in the literature, determine training needs for nurses, and assist investigators in locating funding. AIMS: The aims for this project included: (1) identify PMH nursing specialty research priorities from large, public funding entities; (2) compare the identified research priorities and scholarly articles published in 2020; and (3) outline future directions for advancing the science of PMH nursing. METHODS: Strategic plans of funding entities for PMH research were reviewed for research priorities. Summarized priorities were then compared with publications from peer-reviewed PMH nursing journals. Work conducted in the United States was extracted and categorized as original research, evidence-based practice (EBP), or quality improvement (QI), then design and population. RESULTS: Priorities from 13 funding entities comprised three domains (education, research, and practice), with nine areas, 30 topics, and subtopics. Eight journals produced 432 articles with 99 (23%) conducted in the United States. Among these journals, publications fitting research priorities ranged from 1 to 33 articles. Of the 99 articles, 85% were original research and 15% were either EBP or QI. Descriptive articles comprised 64% and 23% tested interventions. Populations studied included workforce; adults; infants, children, and adolescents; and parents. CONCLUSIONS: All published articles by the U.S. PMH nurses matched the funding priorities, but not all funding priorities were addressed by 2020 publications. The majority of work was conducted outside of the United States and most published from the United States was descriptive, contrary to many United States funders' priorities for interventional research.

Diversity, equity, and inclusion in nursing education: Strategies and processes to support inclusive teaching.

Developing a climate for academic nursing that engages inclusive teaching requires the sustained effort of faculty and leadership. Nursing faculty engage inclusive teaching practices in the day-to-day learning environment, thereby training nurses and future leaders who are capable of addressing complex and diverse health care systems and population-centered needs. Actualizing the personal and professional commitment of faculty to inclusive teaching requires structure and strategies. This paper presents the use of multi-level institutional strategies and processes that supported faculty efforts to integrate DEI focused primarily on inclusive teaching into the curriculum at the University of Michigan School of Nursing. While best practices can vary by institution, we believe the institutional strategies, processes, lessons learned, and resources presented here can assist other academic institutions and nursing faculty as we all work to build a more inclusive nursing classroom and address systems and population-centered needs.

Knowledge and decisions about maternal immunisation by pregnant women in Aotearoa New Zealand.

BACKGROUND: Maternal vaccinations for influenza and pertussis are recommended in New Zealand to protect mothers and their infant from infection. However, maternal immunisation coverage in New Zealand is suboptimal. Furthermore, there is unacceptable inequitable maternal immunisation rates across the country with Maori and Pacific women having significantly lower maternal immunisation rates than those of other New Zealanders. METHODS: This research set out to explore what pregnant/recently pregnant Maori and Pacific women knew about immunisation during pregnancy and what factors influenced their decision to be vaccinated. A semi-structured interview guide was developed with questions focusing on knowledge of pertussis and influenza vaccination during pregnancy and decision-making. Maori and Pacific women aged over 16 years were purposively sampled and interviewed in Dunedin and Gisborne, New Zealand between May and August 2021. Interviews were analysed following a directed qualitative content approach. Data were arranged into coding nodes based on the study aims (deductive analysis) informed by previous literature and within these participant experiences were inductively coded into themes and subthemes. RESULTS: Not all women were aware of maternal vaccine recommendations or they diseases they protected against. Many underestimated how dangerous influenza and pertussis could be and some were more concerned about potential harms of the vaccine. Furthermore, understanding potential harms of infection and protection provided by vaccination did not necessarily mean women would choose to be vaccinated. Those who decided to vaccinate felt well-informed, had vaccination recommended by their healthcare provider, and did so to protect their and their infant's health. Those who decided against vaccination were concerned about safety of the vaccines, lacked the information they needed, were not offered the vaccine, or did not consider vaccination a priority. CONCLUSIONS: There is a lack of understanding about vaccine benefits and risks of vaccine-preventable diseases which can result in the reinforcement of negative influences such as the fear of side effects. Furthermore, if vaccine benefits are not understood, inaccessibility of vaccines and the precedence of other life priorities may prevent uptake. Being well-informed and supported to make positive decisions to vaccinate in pregnancy is likely to improve vaccine coverage in Maori and Pacific Island New Zealanders.

Interventions to reduce the burden of vaccine-preventable diseases among migrants and refugees worldwide: A scoping review of published literature, 2006-2018.

BACKGROUND: Disparities in vaccine-preventable disease (VPD) burden and immunisation coverage between migrants and refugees and their host populations have been described in numerous countries worldwide. Effective strategies are required to reduce the health disparities and immunisation inequities experienced by migrants and refugees. METHODS: Using Arksey and O'Malley's framework, we conducted a scoping review to identify available literature on interventions aimed at reducing VPD burden among migrants and refugees worldwide. We searched for relevant empirical, peer-reviewed literature published in English between 2006 and 2018 using MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, CINAHL, Sociological Abstracts, and Web of Science databases. Relevant information from the studies, including intervention type, details and outcomes, were charted in Microsoft Excel and results were summarised using a descriptive analytical method. RESULTS: Seventy studies met the inclusion criteria. The number of published studies increased over the years. The majority of studies were conducted in high-income countries. More studies were conducted among migrants (not including refugees) (n = 48, 66%) than specifically among refugees (n = 25, 34%). Interventions were implemented in a variety of settings, including health care (n = 31, 42%), community (n = 29, 39%), off-shore (n = 7, 9%), national (n = 4, 5%), school (n = 2, 3%), and workplace (n = 1, 1%). Studies reported interventions focused at the individual (to facilitate uptake of health services) (n = 4, 5%), community (to raise awareness) (n = 25, 34%), provider (to offer health services) (n = 12, 16%) and/or system (to increase compliance with recommendations) (n = 33, 45%) level. To be effective, interventions were designed to overcome commonly identified barriers to accessing services related to language, culture, distance and cost. Engagement with community members and organisations was an effective way to co-design interventions that address migrants' specific needs. CONCLUSIONS: Studies emphasised the importance of interventions that address the heterogeneity within and between migrant and refugee populations. Considerable variation in practice remains, therefore more evaluation of interventions is needed to inform policy and programme decision-making.

Vaccine-Preventable Disease-Associated Hospitalisations Among Migrant and Non-migrant Children in New Zealand.

Migrants may experience a higher burden of vaccine-preventable disease (VPD)-associated hospitalisations compared to the host population. A retrospective cohort study from 2006 to 2015 was conducted that linked de-identified data from government sources using Statistic NZ's Integrated Data Infrastructure. VPD-related hospitalisations were compared between three cohorts of children from birth to 5 years old: foreign-born children who migrated to NZ, children born in NZ of recent migrant mothers, and a comparator group of children born in NZ without a recent migration background. VPD-related hospitalisation rates were higher among NZ-born non-migrant children compared to NZ-born migrant and foreign-born children for all of the diseases of interest. For instance, 5.21% of NZ-born non-migrant children were hospitalised at least once due to all-cause gastroenteritis compared to 4.47% of NZ-born migrant children and only 1.13% of foreign-born migrant children. The overall hospitalisation rate for NZ-born non-migrant children was 3495 hospitalisations per 100,000 person years. Among children with migrant backgrounds, higher hospitalisation rates were noted among those of Pacific ethnicity and those with refugee backgrounds. Those arriving on Pacific visa schemes were hospitalised at rates ranging from 2644/100,000 person years among foreign-born migrant children and 4839/100,000 person years among NZ-born migrant children. Foreign-born quota refugee children and NZ-born children of quota refugee mothers were hospitalised at a rate of 4000-5000/100,000 person years. It is important to disaggregate migrant data to improve our understanding of migrant health. Children need to be age-appropriately vaccinated, and other individual and environmental factors addressed, to reduce the risk of infectious diseases.