ABSTRACT
The United Kingdom Wildlife Incident Investigation Scheme (WIIS) investigates cases of suspected poisoning of wildlife, honey bees, and companion animals by pesticides. Together with field inquiries and veterinary post-mortem examinations, the analytical procedures presented here provide a comprehensive approach to the investigation of these cases. The paper covers selection of animal tissues for analysis and methods suitable for the analysis of honey bees and for various types of bait. Seven multiresidue methods cover around 130 pesticides, and methods are also described for a further 8 compounds. These methods are currently used on samples submitted to the Scheme in England and Wales.
Subject(s)
Chemistry Techniques, Analytical/methods , Chromatography, Gas/methods , Chromatography, Liquid/methods , Chromatography/methods , Environmental Pollutants/poisoning , Mass Spectrometry/methods , Pesticides/poisoning , Aluminum/chemistry , Animals , Animals, Wild , Anticoagulants/pharmacology , Bees , Carbamates/analysis , Chromatography, Gas/instrumentation , Chromatography, Gel , Chromatography, Liquid/instrumentation , Environmental Pollutants/analysis , Gizzard, Non-avian/drug effects , Isoxazoles , Liver/drug effects , Mass Spectrometry/instrumentation , Organophosphates/toxicity , Organophosphonates/chemistry , Pesticide Residues/analysis , Pesticide Residues/poisoning , Poisoning/diagnosis , Poisoning/veterinary , Silica Gel , Silicon Dioxide/chemistry , Stomach/drug effects , Tetrazoles , United KingdomABSTRACT
Recent declines in the populations of three species of vultures in the Indian subcontinent are among the most rapid ever recorded in any bird species. Evidence from a previous study of one of these species, Gyps bengalensis, in the Punjab province of Pakistan, strongly implicates mortality caused by ingestion of residues of the veterinary non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac as the major cause of the decline. We show that a high proportion of Gyps bengalensis and G. indicus found dead or dying in a much larger area of India and Nepal also have residues of diclofenac and visceral gout, a post-mortem finding that is strongly associated with diclofenac contamination in both species. Hence, veterinary use of diclofenac is likely to have been the major cause of the rapid vulture population declines across the subcontinent.
