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1.
Sci Rep ; 10(1): 10830, 2020 07 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32616727

ABSTRACT

Even with antiretroviral therapy, children born to HIV-infected (HI) mothers are at a higher risk of early-life infections and morbidities including dental disease. The increased risk of dental caries in HI children suggest immune-mediated changes in oral bacterial communities, however, the impact of perinatal HIV exposure on the oral microbiota remains unclear. We hypothesized that the oral microbiota of HI and perinatally HIV-exposed-but-uninfected (HEU) children will significantly differ from HIV-unexposed-and-uninfected (HUU) children. Saliva samples from 286 child-participants in Nigeria, aged ≤ 6 years, were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Perinatal HIV infection was significantly associated with community composition (HI vs. HUU-p = 0.04; HEU vs. HUU-p = 0.11) however, immune status had stronger impacts on bacterial profiles (p < 0.001). We observed age-stratified associations of perinatal HIV exposure on community composition, with HEU children differing from HUU children in early life but HEU children becoming more similar to HUU children with age. Our findings suggest that, regardless of age, HIV infection or exposure, low CD4 levels persistently alter the oral microbiota during this critical developmental period. Data also indicates that, while HIV infection clearly shapes the developing infant oral microbiome, the effect of perinatal exposure (without infection) appears transient.


Subject(s)
Dental Caries/immunology , Dental Caries/microbiology , HIV Infections/immunology , HIV Infections/microbiology , Saliva/microbiology , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Immunocompromised Host , Male
2.
Pediatr Infect Dis J ; 19(9): 862-71, 2000 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11001110

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Identifying HIV-1-infected children who are at greatest risk for disease-related morbidities is critical for optimal therapeutic as well as preventive care. Several factors have been implicated in HIV-1 disease onset and severity, including maternal and infant host characteristics, viral phenotype and timing of HIV-1 infection. Early HIV-1 culture positivity, i.e. intrauterine infection, has been associated with poor immunologic, virologic and clinical outcomes in children of HIV-infected women. However, a direct effect of timing of infection on neurodevelopmental outcome in infancy has not yet been identified. METHODS: Serial neurodevelopmental assessments were performed with 114 infants vertically infected with HIV-1 in a multicenter natural history, longitudinal study. Median mental and motor scores were compared at three time points. Longitudinal regression analyses were used to evaluate the neurodevelopmental functioning of children with early positive cultures and those with late positive cultures. RESULTS: Early infected infants scored significantly lower than late infected infants by 24 months of age and beyond on both mental (P = 0.05) and motor (P = 0.03) measures. Early HIV-1 infection was associated with a decline in estimated motor scores of 1 standard score point per month compared with 0.28 point in the late infected group (P < 0.02). Estimated mental scores of the early infected group declined 0.72 point/ month, whereas the average decline of the late infected group was 0.30 point/month (P < 0.13). CONCLUSION: Early HIV-1 infection increases a child's risk for poor neurodevelopmental functioning within the first 30 months of life.


Subject(s)
Child Development , Cognition Disorders/etiology , HIV Infections/complications , HIV-1/pathogenicity , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical , Motor Skills Disorders/etiology , Child, Preschool , Female , Follow-Up Studies , HIV Infections/transmission , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Nervous System/growth & development , Nervous System/virology , Time Factors
3.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr ; 24(1): 45-7, 2000 May 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10877494

ABSTRACT

Trends in the vertical transmission rate of HIV and evolving antiretroviral usage between 1990 and 1998 within the Women and Infants Transmission Study were evaluated. A decline in mother-infant transmission was temporally associated with advances in therapy, especially when regimens including a protease inhibitor were included in the analysis.


Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , HIV Infections/transmission , HIV Protease Inhibitors/therapeutic use , HIV-1 , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious , Zidovudine/therapeutic use , Drug Therapy, Combination , Female , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV-1/genetics , Humans , Mothers , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/drug therapy , Prospective Studies
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