ABSTRACT
The influence of cigarette yield and length of smoking experience on smoking behaviour and biomarker levels was sought in 108 smokers who have never changed cigarette class. Smoking parameters carboxyhaemoglobin percentage (COHb), urinary nicotine, and its metabolites, mutagens, and thioethers were measured. Cigarette yield does not affect daily consumption or smoke volume puffed per cigarette. But the inhalation depth increases with decreasing cigarette yield and with length of smoking habit. The COHb level after the first cigarette in the morning increases significantly with CO cigarette yield and length of smoking experience. In the evening, only the cigarette yield has an effect on COHb level. Biomarker levels excreted in urine are generally lower for females than for males. They tend to increase with smoking history. Only COHb level and total urinary nicotine metabolites (Barlow index) are weakly correlated with cigarette yield. The absence of significant differences due to cigarette class in urinary biomarkers can be explained by changes in inhalation depth, individual differences of metabolism, and limited specificity of some markers (mutagens, thioethers).
Subject(s)
Behavior/physiology , Smoking/psychology , Adult , Biomarkers , Carboxyhemoglobin/metabolism , Chromatography, Gas , Cotinine/urine , Female , Humans , Male , Mutagens/metabolism , Nicotine/urine , Smoking/urineABSTRACT
This is made without using hydrofluoric acid. The dissolution of silicas is carried out by ammonium fluoride in aqueous solution with potassium chloride. The potassium fluosilicate obtained is then isolated; its mass corresponds to 3,666 x SiO2. The values obtained corroborate the validity of this method.
Subject(s)
Silicon/chemistry , Methods , Reproducibility of ResultsABSTRACT
The mutagenic activity of the condensates from oxydative pyrolysis of various polyamides at 500, 800 and 1,000 degrees C has been searched for by AMES preincubation test in strains TA 98 and TA 100 with or without metabolic activation by an Aroclor 1254 induced rat liver microsomal S9mix fraction. All condensates are mutagenic in the presence of this fraction and most of them are far less or not mutagenic in the absence of S9mix. Strain TA 98 is more sensitive than strain TA 100 for detecting the mutagenic activity of these condensates. So, they mainly contain indirect mutagenic substances responsible for frameshift mutation. In all cases, mutagenic activity is maximum at 800 degrees C. This observation should draw the attention upon the genotoxic (carcinogenic) long term risk induced by thermal decomposition of plastics and then upon the necessary protection of firemen and others in charge of domestic or hospital solid waste incineration.
Subject(s)
Nylons/chemistry , Differential Thermal Analysis , Mutagens/metabolism , Nylons/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Oxidation of 6-methoxyquinoline with vanadate shows the possibility of initial complex formation between the dioxovanadium(V) ion VO(+)(2) and the ethereal oxygen atom. The opening of the homocycle yields mainly 2-pyridone-3-carboxylic acid. In the case of quinine or mefloquine, the VO(+)(2) ion preferentially forms a pentagonal chelate with the secondary alcohol function. Oxidation of this complex initially produces quinoline-4-carboxylic acids. The acid that results from mefloquine is stable in the reaction solution and this property allows a reproducible consumption of reagent and a quantitative determination of this new antimalarial drug.
ABSTRACT
In studies of the reactivity of oxygen heterocycles, it has been found that khelline gives a molar reacting ratio of 1:16 with vanadate in 2.5M sulphuric acid, the products being vanadium(IV), 2.3 furan dicarboxylic acid, formic acid, acetic acid and carbon dioxide. This reaction can be used for determination of khelline and also for preparation of 2,3-furan dicarboxylic acid.
