ABSTRACT
Anatomical variations of the frontal sinuses that may play a role in the correlation between frontal sinusitis and orbital complications are described. There were used 18 cadavers during routine educational cadaver dissections, one month after theirs withdrawal from the formol basin. The dissections of the cranial cavity and the orbits were performed so as to reveal the frontal sinuses. An unusual bilateral posterior extension of the frontal sinus mucosa was found in two of the cadavers. The projection of the mucosa was covering half of the orbital roof in a 60 year old male and one third of the orbital roof in a 59 year old male. Among the other cadavers that presented normal variations of the frontal sinuses, there was also a case of a 57 year old female with a complete aplasia of the frontal sinuses. Such anatomical variations with unusual extension of the frontal sinuses above orbital roof may support the correlation between frontal sinusitis and the possible complications from the orbit and these cases may be considered as 'high risk' cases for orbital complications during a frontal sinusitis.
Subject(s)
Frontal Sinus/anatomy & histology , Orbit/anatomy & histology , Female , Frontal Sinus/abnormalities , Frontal Sinusitis/complications , Frontal Sinusitis/pathology , Genetic Variation , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Mucous Membrane/anatomy & histology , Orbital Diseases/etiology , RiskABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To examine the effects of jogging on intraocular pressure (IOP), blood pressure (BP), and heart rate (HR). METHODS: Twenty-nine healthy individuals-25 athletes and 4 untrained-were studied. IOP, systolic and diastolic BP, and HR were measured before and just after 20 minutes of jogging (submaximal--70%--aerobic exercise). RESULTS: IOP decreased after jogging. Only three individuals had unchanged IOP in one eye and one individual in both eyes. The IOP decrease (1 to 8 mmHg) was statistically significant (p<0.001). BP increased after jogging (systolic: 0 to 60 mmHg, statistically significant changes, p<0.001; diastolic: 0 to 15 mmHg, statistically significant changes, p<0.001). HR increased as well (15 to 80 pulses/min, statistically significant changes, p<0.001). However, there were individuals who presented a significant decrease of IOP and a mild BP rise and vice versa, and also individuals with mild IOP decrease and significant HR change and vice versa. The statistical analysis clearly showed that there are no linear quantitative correlations between BP or HR changes and IOP changes. CONCLUSIONS: IOP decreases after jogging. Changes in BP and HR values have no linear quantitative correlation with IOP decrease.
