ABSTRACT
This e research focused on the detection and identification of genetic polymorphisms in exon 7 of the ß-casein CSN2 gene in blood samples from Greek Holstein cows and from local breeds of cattle, such as Vrachykeratiki, Katerinis, and Sykias. For this purpose, DNA was isolated from 780 blood samples obtained from Greek Holstein cows, 86 from three local breeds of cattle, namely Brachyceros, Katerinis, and Sykias, and 14 from Greek buffalo. The desired region of exon 7 was amplified by PCR, resulting in 121 and 251 bp products in bovine and buffalo samples. The PCR product was digested with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) on agarose gels. The restriction enzymes DdeI and TaqI were used. All of the blood samples had the amplified size. The results showed that 74.4% of the Greek Holstein cows had the A2A2 ß-casein genotype, the three native breads Vrachykeratiki had 57.7%, and the other two had 100% of the A2A2 ß-casein. From the 14 Greek buffalo, 100% had the A2A2 ß-casein.
ABSTRACT
The refractive index is a basic optical property of materials. This study explores the effect of ethanol, glycerol, tartaric acid and glucose/fructose on the refractive index in model aqueous solutions and in dry white wines. Various model aqueous solutions consisting of these components were prepared and the refractive index was measured at 20 °C and each component was studied both alone and in mixtures with the others. The refractive index of white dry wines samples was also measured. A linear regression analysis was performed and linear multi-dependence equations were derived. The resulting regression models had a coefficient of determination over 97.3%. Glucose/fructose was found to have the greatest effect on the refractive index, followed by tartaric acid and glycerol while ethanol had the smallest effect. The knowledge of the correlation of the concentration of each wine component to the refractive index can be of value for the estimation of fermentation kinetics.
