The presence of asthma, the use of inhaled steroids, and parental education level affect school performance in children.

OBJECTIVE: Childhood asthma is a frequent cause of absenteeism that affects school performance. We aimed to investigate the impact of asthma on absenteeism and school performance level of elementary and high school students. METHODS: Data about sociodemographics, absenteeism, and academic achievement were obtained from 1539 students attending 98 schools in Greece. School performance was assessed for the last two years of school attendance using parents' and teachers' reports and grade point average promotion. RESULTS: The mean of the days of absence of students with asthma was higher compared to the healthy students (6.2 ± 11.7 versus 0.3 ± 3.1, resp., P < 0.001). Students with reduced healthcare use presented less absenteeism than those with increased healthcare use for asthma (4.3 ± 8.6 versus 12.4 ± 17.0 days, resp., P < 0.001). Asthma and healthcare use for asthma accounted for an overall estimated variability in absence days of 13.8% and 9%, respectively. Absenteeism was associated with poor school performance for the last two years of school (P = 0.002) and with lower grade point promotion in elementary school students (P = 0.001) but not in high school students (P = 0.316). Higher level of parental education was associated with better school performance (P < 0.001). Asthma was associated with a decreased possibility for excellent performance (OR = 0.64, P = 0.049, 95%CI = 0.41-1.00) in elementary students. Students with asthma using inhalers were four times more likely to perform excellently in elementary school (OR = 4.3, P = 0.028, 95%CI = 1.17-15.95) than their asthmatic peers with alternative asthma treatments. Conclusions. Asthma and increased healthcare use enhance school absenteeism. Inhaled steroid use and the higher parental education level were the most important predicting factors for good school performance in elementary school asthmatic children.

Erythema nodosum associated with Salmonella enteritidis.

BACKGROUND: Erythema nodosum (EN) is the most frequent type of panniculitis in childhood. Although frequently idiopathic, it may be associated with a wide variety of conditions ranging from infections, to sarcoidosis, to collagen vascular diseases to drugs. CASE REPORT: We present an 8-year-old boy who developed EN during the course of febrile gastroenteritis due to salmonella enteritidis. He received intravenous ampicillin 150 mg/kg/day divided in equal doses every six hours for 10 days. The skin lesions gradually disappeared, and he recovered fully without sequelae. CONCLUSIONS: Salmonellosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of EN in children with gastrointestinal symptoms, and stool cultures should be performed when indicated.

Changes in tuberculin sensitivity among first-grade students of elementary schools in Evros, Greece due to immigration.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the tuberculin sensitivity trends among first-grade students of elementary schools tested according to the Greek national school-based screening and vaccination programme. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of tuberculin skin test (TST) results from 1988 to 2004 in unvaccinated first-grade students in Evros, Greece. METHODS: All 6-7-year-old children who were unvaccinated for tuberculosis were tested by a highly experienced team. This study tested whether gender (male vs female), national origin (native vs foreign-born children) and place of residence (urban vs semi-urban vs rural) correlated with tuberculin reaction positivity. RESULTS: In total, 8588 children (47.1% girls) were tested. Tuberculin reaction positivity was independent of gender. The difference in TST positivity between native and foreign-born children between 1993 and 2004 was highly significant, with substantially more foreign-born children having a positive Mantoux test (P<0.0001). The percentage of children with a positive TST peaked at 13% in 1995 due to initial admission of foreign-born children, originating from countries of the former Soviet Union, into the Greek educational system. In addition, a positive Mantoux test was more common among children living in rural (8.1%) and semi-urban (6.4%) areas compared with children living in urban areas (3.5%, P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: The increase in TST positivity noted was due to admission of foreign-born children into the Greek educational system. School-based tuberculosis screening programmes should continue in Greece because the prevalence of tuberculosis appears to show substantial variation between years.

Pott's disease in a two-year-old girl.

Fractures in children require a specific treatment depending on age. While obstetric fractures usually heal well even in case of significant dislocations and conservative therapy, the proportion of operative interventions among all pediatric fractures is increasing with age. Though the vast majority of fractures in childhood are still treated non-operatively, a trend towards early operative interventions and cast-free mobilization has been noticeable in the recent years. The methods of operative stabilization differ between the respective age groups: While K-wire osteosynthesis and a minimal invasive approach using elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN) are common in the group of school aged children, the use of external fixation and plate osteosynthesis has been accepted for the treatment of fractures in adolescents. Bioresorbable implants do not yet play a decisive role in the management of pediatric fractures. This review is focusing on the current indications and concepts for stabilization of frequent pediatric fractures.

Thrombocytosis in childhood.

Thrombocytosis is a frequent finding in hemograms obtained from hospitalized and ambulatory children due to the widespread use of automated blood cell counters. Pediatricians are commonly puzzled in cases of thrombocytosis to determine the underlying cause and the need for therapy. The purpose of this review is to assist the general pediatrician into dealing with this common hematological finding in every day clinical practice. Fortunately, primary thrombocytosis or essential thrombocythemia, a clonal disease, is exceedingly rare in childhood, but may be associated with thromboembolic and hemorrhagic complications. On the other hand, secondary or reactive thrombocytosis is very common and is due to a variety of conditions, such as acute and chronic infections, iron deficiency, bleeding, hemolytic anemias, collagen vascular diseases, malignancies, drugs and splenectomy. Treatment of reactive thrombocytosis should be directed to the underlying problem alone. Administration of platelet aggregation inhibitors such as aspirin is unwarranted. Consultation is necessary only for the rare child with extreme thrombocytosis who has clinical and/or laboratory criteria consistent with essential thrombocythemia, or in whom a hemorrhagic or thrombotic complication has developed.

The role of breastfeeding and passive smoking on the development of severe bronchiolitis in infants.

AIM: Bronchiolitis is an acute infectious disease of the lower respiratory tract which causes the obstruction of bronchioles in children younger than 2 years. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of passive smoking alone and in conjunction with breastfeeding on the severity of acute bronchiolitis in infancy and the duration of hospitalisation. METHODS: We studied 240 consecutive infants aged from 6 to 24 months (137 boys and 103 girls) median age 14 months, who required hospital admission for acute bronchiolitis at the Paediatric Department of Democritus University Hospital, Alexandroupolis, Greece. The outcomes of interest were the severity of bronchiolitis and the duration of hospitalisation. RESULTS: Among the entire cohort, 122 (50.8%) children presented a severe attack of bronchiolitis. In multivariate regression analysis adjusting for confounding factors, breastfeeding for less than four months (aOR=6.1, 95% CI=3.4-10.7), exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (aOR=2.2, 95% CI=1.1-3.6) and their combination (aOR=16.2, 95% CI=6.0-34.3) showed significant association with severe bronchiolitis and prolonged hospitalisation. Passive smoking did not increase the risk of severe bronchiolitis, when infants breastfed for more than four months (aOR=1.9, 95% CI=0.8-5.1). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke worsens the symptoms and the prognosis of bronchiolitis, while breastfeeding seems to have a protective effect even in children exposed to environmental tobacco smoke.