ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The current literature establishes the importance of gene functional category and expression in promoting or suppressing duplicate gene loss after whole genome doubling in plants, a process known as fractionation. Inspired by studies that have reported gene expression to be the dominating factor in preventing duplicate gene loss, we analyzed the relative effect of functional category and expression. METHODS: We use multivariate methods to study data sets on gene retention, function and expression in rosids and asterids to estimate effects and assess their interaction. RESULTS: Our results suggest that the effect on duplicate gene retention fractionation by functional category and expression are independent and have no statistical interaction. CONCLUSION: In plants, functional category is the more dominant factor in explaining duplicate gene loss.
Subject(s)
Gene Expression Profiling , Statistics as Topic/methods , Gene Dosage , Molecular Sequence AnnotationABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To use Bootstrapping to estimate the Kaplan-Meier survival of sporadic forms of bilateral renal cell carcinoma (RCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Over a period of 13 years, 759 patients were operated for RCC. 26 patients had bilateral sporadic RCC (3.4%) and 23 of them were reviewed with a median follow-up of 50 months (range: 7.8 to 143.4). The 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of Kaplan-Meier survival was estimated according to the Greenwood (Gw) normalized method and by Bootstrap percentile (B*) with B = 1000. RESULTS: The overall 1-year and 5-year survival rates were 95.8% (95% CI Gw: [87.6-100] and B*: [92.1-96.4]) and 73.6% (95% CI Gw: [54.9-92.15] and B*: [72.3-86.5%]), respectively. CONCLUSION: For diseases with a low incidence, Bootstrapping can improve the precision of the Kaplan-Meier survival estimate, by providing a narrower CI. This statistical technique provides the clinician with more precise results in a study limited by a small number of patients.
