ABSTRACT
Pre-weaning animals exit a flock through death induced by various reasons, causing significant economic losses to the goat producers. In this study, we investigated the survival from birth to weaning of Sirohi goat kids within framework of the survival analysis. Kid records were accessed from 1997 to 2017, with the information on 4417 pre-weaning animals of farmed Sirohi goat native to the Rajasthan State of India. A multivariable Cox regression was fitted to the data after checking the assumptions of regression. The explanatory variables were sex, type of birth, season of birth, birthweight, doe weight at kidding and year of birth. Model selection eliminated doe weight from the model, and sex, type of birth, season of birth, birthweight and year of birth were retained in the model. With model calibration also, these five covariates were retained in the model. The mortality on the first day after birth was 0.3%, constituting 3.5% of all pre-weaning mortality. The mortality until the end of weaning period was 7.8%. Regression analysis revealed that the higher birthweight at kidding was associated with reduced hazard of death among the kids. Male kids had higher hazards of death compared with female kids. The single-born kids had lower risks of death compared with twin-born kids after accounting for heterogeneity. The winter season had a very high adverse effect on the survival of the kids. With each passing year, risks of death decreased. The results of this study indicate that better survival of kids can be achieved by controlling both environmental and animal-related factors.
Subject(s)
Animal Husbandry/methods , Goat Diseases/mortality , Weaning , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Female , Goats , India/epidemiology , Male , Regression Analysis , Risk Factors , Survival AnalysisSubject(s)
Education, Medical, Graduate/methods , Surgeons/education , Surgery, Plastic/education , Surgical Flaps , Dermatologic Surgical Procedures/education , Dermatologic Surgical Procedures/methods , Education, Medical, Graduate/economics , Humans , Learning , Plastic Surgery Procedures/education , Plastic Surgery Procedures/methods , Simulation Training/economics , Simulation Training/methodsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to highlight the growing incidence of oral cancer in young females without apparent traditional risk factors. METHODS: We present a case series of young female patients with histopathologically diagnosed squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and no known exposure to major risk factors, reporting to our institution over one year. A review of the literature was carried out to find documented studies on oral cancer in young females. RESULTS: We found an increase in the number of young female patients presenting with squamous cell carcinomas on the lateral border of the tongue who did not have any of the traditional risk factors associated with the disease, which is in contrast with the number of male patients presenting with the same disease. CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlights the increasing incidence of oral cancer in young females without apparent traditional risk factors, an area of growing concern. Published studies in this particular group are limited. Nevertheless, the situation is alarming owing to the seriousness this problem poses for the community. More research is required to determine the aetiological and risk factors associated with this outcome.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis , Tongue Neoplasms/diagnosis , Adult , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Neoplasm Staging , Oral Ulcer/diagnosis , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Lymphangioma circumscriptum (LC) of the vulva is a rare complication of radiotherapy to pelvis. We report two cases of LC of the vulva occurring after radiotherapy to pelvis for carcinoma cervix. Patients were managed conservatively.
