Influence of vehicle for calcium hydroxide on postoperative pain: a scoping review.

This review aims to identify the influence of the vehicle and its concentration used to carry calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) medicament on postoperative pain. The protocol for this review was registered in the open science framework (Registration DOI-10.17605/OSF.IO/4Y8A9) and followed the guidelines provided by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Reporting was based on the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Literature screening and searches were performed on PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and EBSCO hosts. Furthermore, additional records were manually analyzed using various sources. The selected studies were published in English and included the use of any vehicle adjunct to Ca(OH)2 to evaluate postoperative pain using qualitative and quantitative pain assessment tools. Descriptive analysis was conducted to review the study design, vehicle elements, and their effects. A preliminary search yielded 7584 studies, of which 10 were included. According to the data collected, the most commonly used Ca(OH)2 vehicles were chlorhexidine (CHX), normal saline, and camphorated paramonochlorophenol/glycerine (CPMC/glycerine), which had a significant effect on postoperative pain. Among the included studies, six evaluated the effect of CHX as a vehicle. It was observed that a higher concentration of the vehicle (2%) showed a favorable response in reducing postoperative pain. A majority of studies have validated a positive consequence of using a vehicle on postoperative pain. Although higher vehicle concentrations were found to alter postoperative pain levels, the data were insufficient to draw a firm conclusion. Our scoping review indicates that further clinical studies should focus on using different vehicles at various concentrations and application times to check for feasible and safe exposure in addition to providing pain relief.

Comparison of healing assessments of periapical endodontic surgery using conventional radiography and cone-beam computed tomography: A systematic review.

Purpose: This systematic review aimed to compare assessments of the healing of periapical endodontic surgery using conventional radiography and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: This review of clinical studies was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist. All articles published from 1990 to March 2020 pertaining to clinical and radiographic healing assessments after endodontic surgery using conventional radiography and CBCT were included. The question was "healing assessment of endodontic surgery using cone-beam computed tomography." The review was conducted by manual searching, as well as undertaking a review of electronic literature databases, including PubMed and Scopus. The studies included compared radiographic and CBCT assessments of periapical healing after periapical endodontic surgery. Results: The initial search retrieved 372 articles. The titles and abstracts of these articles were read, leading to the selection of 73 articles for full-text analysis. After the eligibility criteria were applied, 11 articles were selected for data extraction and qualitative analysis. The majority of studies found that CBCT enabled better assessments of healing than conventional radiography, suggesting higher efficacy of CBCT for correct diagnosis and treatment planning. A risk of bias assessment was done for 10 studies, which fell into the low to moderate risk categories. Conclusion: Three-dimensional radiography provides an overall better assessment of healing, which is imperative for correct diagnosis and treatment planning.

Benefit of Unsaturated Soil Mechanics Approach on the Modeling of Early-Age Behavior of Rammed Earth Building.

Rammed earth has the potential to reduce the carbon footprint and limit the energy consumption in the building sector due to its sustainable characteristics. Still, its use is not generalized due to a lack of understanding of the material behavior, notably its sensitivity to water. The coupled hydro-mechanical behavior has been recently studied in the framework of unsaturated soil mechanics, using suction as the parameter to represent the hydric state. This dependency of the mechanical behavior on the hydric state leads to uncertainty of the drying period required to progress in the construction process. Notably, the drying period before building the next floor is unknown. To determine the drying period, thermo-hydro-mechanical coupled finite element method simulations were carried out on a single wall by using the unsaturated soil mechanics approach and safety criterion recommendations from the practical guide for rammed earth construction in France. It was determined that it takes significant time for the construction of additional floor both in 'summer-like' and 'winter-like' environmental conditions, whereas the walls were far away from the ultimate failure state. Thus the drying periods were overestimated. It was concluded that the safety criterion from the practical guide is very conservative and drying periods can be reduced without significantly compromising the safety factor.

Photoredox halogenation of quinolones: the dual role of halo-fluorescein dyes.

An efficient C-3 halogenation of quinolin-4-ones is reported with halogenated fluorescein dyes which serve both as a halogen source and photocatalyst. This reaction shows broad substrate scope and gives good to excellent yields of C-3 brominated/iodinated quinolones with eosin Y/rose bengal in green light under ambient conditions. The mechanistic investigations suggest a radical pathway involving the oxidative dehalogenation of the dye in the presence of air.

Quinoline-Fused Lactones via Tandem Oxidation Cyclization: Metal-Free sp3 C-H Functionalization.

A unique lactonization of 2-methyl-3-acyl-4-phenylquinolines using PhIO as the oxidant and selectfluor as an additive is reported. The reaction occurs under ambient conditions through tandem oxidation and cyclization of sp3 C-H bonds under metal-free conditions. The heterocycle-fused lactones are obtained in moderate to good yield.

A comparative evaluation of fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth using four different intraorifice barriers: An in vitro study.

AIM: The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth using four intraorifice barriers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty extracted single-rooted mandibular premolars were selected, decoronated, and prepared with rotary Protaper universal system and obturated with gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer. Samples were divided into five groups (n = 10) on the basis of intraorifice barrier material used. Group 1: Biodentine, Group 2: Conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC), Group 3: Resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC), Group 4: Nanohybrid composite, Group 5: No barrier (control).Except for control specimens, coronal 3-mm gutta-percha was removed and filled with different intraorifice barrier materials in respective groups. Fracture resistance of specimens was tested using universal testing machine. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: One-way analysis of variance test and Post hoc Tukey's test. RESULTS: Mean fracture resistance of all experimental groups (with intraorifice barriers placed) were higher than control group (no intraorifice barrier placed). Biodentine showed the highest mean fracture resistance while RMGIC showed the least and the difference between their mean fracture resistance was statistically significant. There was no statistically significant difference among other experimental groups. CONCLUSION: Placement of intraorifice barriers in endodontically treated teeth can significantly increase fracture resistance and this increase in fracture resistance is material dependent.

Oxidative coupling of 1-(2-methyl-4-phenylquinolin-3-yl)ethanone with ethanol and unexpected deacetylative synthesis of 3-hydroxy quinoline.

An efficient one pot method for the synthesis of anti-α,ß-epoxy ketones from 1-(2-methyl-4-phenylquinolin-3-yl)ethanone and ethanol has been developed by a modified Darzen reaction. The reaction occurs under oxidative conditions via a cascade sequence of bromination, aldol condensation followed by substitution. The reaction in the presence of NBS and a base however, in the absence of an oxidant, led to the formation of the corresponding 3-hydroxylated product via an unusual rearrangement.

Microwave radiation (2.45 GHz)-induced oxidative stress: Whole-body exposure effect on histopathology of Wistar rats.

Man-made microwave and radiofrequency (RF) radiation technologies have been steadily increasing with the growing demand of electronic appliances such as microwave oven and cell phones. These appliances affect biological systems by increasing free radicals, thus leading to oxidative damage. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on histology and the level of lipid peroxide (LPO) in Wistar rats. Sixty-day-old male Wistar rats with 180 ± 10 g body weight were used for this study. Animals were divided into two groups: sham exposed (control) and microwave exposed. These animals were exposed for 2 h a day for 35 d to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation (power density, 0.2 mW/cm2). The whole-body specific absorption rate (SAR) was estimated to be 0.14 W/kg. After completion of the exposure period, rats were sacrificed, and brain, liver, kidney, testis and spleen were stored/preserved for determination of LPO and histological parameters. Significantly high level of LPO was observed in the liver (p < 0.001), brain (p < 0.004) and spleen (p < 0.006) in samples from rats exposed to microwave radiation. Also histological changes were observed in the brain, liver, testis, kidney and spleen after whole-body microwave exposure, compared to the control group. Based on the results obtained in this study, we conclude that exposure to microwave radiation 2 h a day for 35 d can potentially cause histopathology and oxidative changes in Wistar rats. These results indicate possible implications of such exposure on human health.

Coagulin-L ameliorates TLR4 induced oxidative damage and immune response by regulating mitochondria and NOX-derived ROS.

Withanolides possess diverse biological and pharmacological activity but their immunomodulatory function is less realized. Hence, coagulin-L, a withanolide isolated from Withania coagulans Dunal has been studied for such an effect in human and murine cells, and mice model. Coagulin-L (1, 3, 10µM) exhibited immunomodulatory effect by suppressing TLR4 induced immune mediators such as cytokines (GMCSF, IFNα, IFNγ, IL-1α, IL-1Rα, IL-1ß, IL-2, IL-2R, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IL-12 (p40/p70), IL-13, IL-15, IL-17), chemokines (IL-8/CXCL8, MIG/CXCL9, IP-10/CXCL10, KC, MCP-1/CCL2, MIP-1α/CCL3, MIP-1ß/CCL4, RANTES/CCL5, eotaxin/CCL11), growth factors (FGF-basic, VEGF), nitric oxide and intracellular superoxide. Mechanistically, coagulin-L abrogated LPS induced total and mitochondrial ROS generation, NOX2, NOX4 mRNA expression, IRAK and MAPK (p38, JNK, ERK) activation. Coagulin-L also attenuated IκBα degradation, which prevented NFκB downstream iNOS expression and pro-inflammatory cytokine release. Furthermore, coagulin-L (10, 25, 50mg/kg, p.o.), undermined the LPS (10mg/kg, i.p.) induced endotoxemia response in mice as evinced from diminished cytokine release, nitric oxide, aortic p38 MAPK activation and endothelial tissue impairment besides suppressing NOX2 and NOX4 expression in liver and aorta. Moreover, coagulin-L also alleviated the ROS mediated oxidative damage which was assessed through protein carbonyl, lipid hydroperoxide, 8-isoprostane and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine quantification. To extend, coagulin-L also suppressed carrageenan-induced paw edema and thioglycollate-induced peritonitis in mice. Therefore, coagulin-L can be of therapeutic importance in pathological conditions induced by oxidative damage.

Transition-Metal-Free C-3 Arylation of Quinoline-4-ones with Arylhydrazines.

A transition-metal-free C-3-arylation of quinolin-4-ones in the presence of base has been achieved by using arylhydrazines as aryl radical source and air as oxidant. The reaction proceeds smoothly at room temperature and does not require any prefunctionalization and N-protection of quinoline-4-ones. The utility of this methodology is further demonstrated in synthesis of quinoline-quinolone hybrid as well as 6-aryl-benzofuro[3,2-c]quinoline scaffold.

A withanolide coagulin-L inhibits adipogenesis modulating Wnt/ß-catenin pathway and cell cycle in mitotic clonal expansion.

Obesity is a result of adipocyte hypertrophy followed by hyperplasia. It is a risk factor for several metabolic disorders such as dyslipidemia, type-2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. Coagulanolides, particularly coagulin-L isolated from W. coagulan has earlier been reported for anti-hyperglycemic activity. In this study, we investigated the effect of coagulin-L on in vitro models of adipocyte differentiation including 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte, mouse stromal mesenchymal C3H10T1/2 cells and bone marrow derived human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Our results showed that, coagulin-L reduces the expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα), the major transcription factors orchestrating adipocyte differentiation. Detailed analysis further proved that early exposure of coagulin-L is sufficient to cause significant inhibition during adipogenesis. Coagulin-L inhibited mitotic clonal expansion (MCE) by delayed entry in G1 to S phase transition and S-phase arrest. This MCE blockade was caused apparently by decreased phosphorylation of C/EBPß, modulation in expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins, and upregulation of Wnt/ß-catenin pathway, the early stage regulatory proteins of adipogenic induction. Taken together all evidences, a known anti-hyperglycemic agent coagulin-L has shown potential to inhibit adipogenesis significantly, which can be therapeutically exploited for treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome.