Sociopolitical development: A history and overview of a black liberatory approach to youth development.

Sociopolitical development (SPD) is the process by which people come to understand structural oppression and develop the capacity to reform and transform society, combat oppression, and achieve liberation. In this article, we honor and recognize the community-based framework building of Dr. Roderick Watts and his colleagues, scholars of African descent who pioneered SPD. First, we describe the history and evolution of SPD as both stage and process models of development rooted in Black liberation psychology. We then highlight several contributions of SPD to psychology research and practice including the relevance of sociocultural factors; the integration of intersectionality, well-being, and healing; and the role of context. Throughout, we share parts of conversations with several pioneering SPD scholars regarding the importance of this framework to both Black psychology and psychology broadly. We conclude with recommendations for how psychologists can integrate SPD into their research and practice, as one way to challenge anti-Black racism and reimagine youth resistance against racism and oppression. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Facing the rising sun: Political imagination in Black adolescents' sociopolitical development.

Black adolescents occupy one of the most precarious and marginalized social locations of society, yet they remain vigilant against oppression. Indeed, Black youth have a vast history of political action and activism around domestic and global issues. Existing scholarship frequently examines the sociocultural and cognitive factors associated with Black adolescents' political and civic engagement and related outcomes. Lost in these interrogations is an examination of the psychological processes that undergird adolescents' sociopolitical visions. To address this gap, this conceptual analysis examines political imagination and its role in Black adolescents' sociopolitical development. Political imagination is the cognitive space and process where people consciously distance the present moment to engage, explore, examine, and (de)construct sociopolitical worlds or realities.

Practical method for transforming alkynes into alpha-diketones.

[reaction: see text] Oxidation of alkynes to alpha-dicarbonyl derivatives through a convenient one-pot procedure via a Brønsted acid-promoted "hydration" and a DMSO-based oxidation sequence has been achieved in high yields. The scope and limitations of the reaction have also been investigated.

Changes in self-destructiveness of borderline patients in psychotherapy. A prospective follow-up.

Thirty-seven female inpatients with borderline personality disorder were followed prospectively for up to 5 years to assess changes in two forms of self-destructiveness: suicidal behavior/ideation, and self-harm behavior/ideation. It was found that suicidal behavior declined significantly at 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year follow-up; self-harm behavior showed trends but no significant decline over 5 years. Ideation (both suicidal ideation and self-harm) did not decline notably. Three alternate courses of self-harm behavior are identified: "fluctuating," "consistently low," and "steadily declining." The majority of patients fell in the fluctuating category. The fluctuating group showed higher baseline dysphoria than did the consistently low group, while the latter reported higher baseline drug use. Intercorrelations showed that self-harm behavior and suicidal behavior were not associated, nor were suicidal behavior and suicidal ideation. Clinical and research implications are discussed.

Developing innovative programs for unique student populations.

BACKGROUND: Optometric education has been faced with ever-increasing expectations. These include the ability to educate students and practitioners to care for new patient populations, deal with more diverse and complex clinical problems, to be significant participants in the research community and to fulfill leadership positions within the profession. To fulfill this expectation, schools and colleges need to diversify their program offerings to attract and educate unique student populations who come from diverse backgrounds and bring a range of pre-existing knowledge and skills. RESULTS: This paper provides an overview of The New England College of Optometry's efforts in this area and two programs, the "Advanced Standing International Program" and the "Accelerated Doctor of Optometry Degree Program," are examined in detail. An emphasis is placed on outcomes assessment to ensure the programs are fulfilling their purpose and the results of a retrospective analysis of the two programs is provided.

The evaluation of a portable clinical analyzer in the emergency department.

A recently available portable clinical analyzer (PCA), which examines sodium, potassium, chloride, glucose, urea nitrogen, and hematocrit levels on 60 microL of blood and calculates hemoglobin and osmolality levels within 2 minutes, was evaluated. Blood from 574 patients was drawn by emergency department staff, who immediately tested the samples with the PCA and transported them for plasma analysis on a reference analyzer in the clinical laboratory. Correlations between the PCA and the reference analyzer were as follows: R2 = 0.987 for urea nitrogen; R2 = 0.97, glucose; R2 = 0.937, K;R2 = 0.79, hematocrit; R2 = 0.751, sodium; and R2 = 0.689 for chloride. With its rapid turnaround, small sample requirement, and ease of operation, the PCA is most useful in an emergency department setting, where immediate access to clinically relevant laboratory testing is required in support of urgent clinical decision-making.

The face validity of the DSM-III and DSM-III-R criteria sets for borderline personality disorder.

OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study was to determine the congruence between DSM-III and DSM-III-R diagnoses of borderline personality disorder derived through the use of semistructured research interviews or given by experienced clinicians after lengthy consultations with an interdisciplinary team. METHOD: The presence of the DSM-III and DSM-III-R criteria sets for borderline personality disorder was assessed in a study group of 253 patients with personality disorders (148 inpatients and 105 outpatients) by raters who were blind to clinical diagnoses and who used information from two semistructured interviews of proven reliability. These diagnoses were then compared with "longitudinal expert all data" (LEAD) standard clinical diagnoses provided by therapists specifically asked to base their diagnoses on DSM criteria. RESULTS: Both criteria sets were found to be overinclusive when compared with the LEAD standard. Most criteria were also found to lack specificity. However, the three DSM-III-R criteria that are new or revisions of DSM-III criteria were found to be more specific, and raising the cutoff on the DSM-III-R criteria from five to six improved specificity. CONCLUSIONS: Both the DSM-III and DSM-III-R criteria sets for borderline personality disorder as assessed by semistructured interview lack face validity because they are nonspecific when compared with a rigorous but representative clinical standard, and the results of studies using these criteria sets may prove misleading to researchers and clinicians because they seem to define a nonspecific type of serious character pathology.

Discriminating borderline personality disorder from other axis II disorders.

The authors used the Revised Diagnostic Interview for Borderline Patients to assess 22 clinical features of 120 patients with borderline personality disorder and 103 control subjects with other axis II disorders. Four of the 22 features were common in but nondiscriminating for borderline disorder, 11 were discriminating for but nonspecific to borderline disorder, and seven were more specific to borderline disorder. The authors conclude that many clinical features thought to be indicative of borderline disorder are better viewed as personality disorder traits and that the seven more specific features, alone or in conjunction with one another, may be particularly useful markers for borderline personality disorder.

The effect of parathyroid hormone on technetium-99m pyrophosphate distribution in rats.

Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with varying quantities of parathyroid hormone for 1--3 days, then sacrificed at periods ranging from 1--6 h after administration of 99mTc-pyrophosphate. Very little increase in bone accumulation of tracer occurred with this treatment. A small, but obvious decrease occurred in the blood levels of 99mTc-pyrophosphate and a smaller and less consistent decrease was affected in the muscle levels of the radiopharmaceutical. The overall result was an improvement in the bone/blood and bone/muscle ratios. It is suggested that the basis of the "supernormal" bone scan of hyperparathyroidism is achieved by this mechanism and that the increased bone uptake of other ions in response to parathyroid hormone is not shared by 99mTc-pyrophosphate.

The effect of certain variables on the tumor and tissue distribution of tracers. Part 1; Carrier.

Buffalo rats bearing thigh-implanted strain-7777 Morris hepatomas were used as a model for studying the effect of carrier material on the body distribution, tumor uptake, excretion, and tumor-to-background ratios of 67Ga and 54Mn. An effort was also made to observe the changes in 67Ga and 54Mn concentrations induced by carrier in viable tumor and skeletal muscle, relative to their interstitial fluid space. This value is referred to as the Tissue Distribution Index. Carrier manipulation resulted in striking changes in the distribution of the two ions from the carrier-free state. The data also indicated a difference in the pharmacodynamics of 67Ga and 54Mn in malignant and healthy tissues which could be of importance to nuclear medicine and oncology.

Distributions of 137Cs, 201Tl, 203Hg, 203Pb and 57Co in a rat hepatoma model. Comparison with 67Ga.

The distribution of carrier-free 203Pb-acetate, 203HgCl2, 57 CoCl2, 137CsCl and 201TlCl was investigated in rats bearing thigh-implanted Morris 7777 hepatomas. Viable and nonviable tumor tissue was collected in order to determine the relative affinities of the radiopharmaceuticals for these tissues. The animals were sacrificed at 4, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hrs following intravenous injection. Washout of the radioisotope from the viable tumor tissue was rapid, the maximum concentration being reached on or before 4 hrs following injection. In contrast, residual activity within the nonviable tumor tissue decreased much more slowly and in some cases even increased with time. Viable tumor-to-muscle and nonviable tumor-to-muscle ratios for 203Pb, 203Hg and 57Co were comparable to the analogous ratios reported for 67Ga. However, none of these isotopes approached 67Ga as a potential tumor imaging agent because the large ratios were the result of low muscle uptake rather than high tumor uptake. Blood clearance of 67Ga was faster than any of the five cations, while viable and nonviable tumor affinity for 67Ga was greater than for any of the radiopharmaceuticals studied.

Comparison of viable and nonviable tumor uptake of Sc-46, Mn-54, Zn-65, In-111 and Au-195 with Ga-67 citrate in a hepatoma model.

The tissue distribution of Sc-46, Mn-54, Zn-65, In-111 and Au-195 were studied in a rat hepatoma model at various time intervals over a 96 h period. The tumor localizing properties of these isotopes were evaluated by examining their incorporation and clearance from viable and nonviable tumor tissue and determining the critical tissue ratios formed with blood and muscle. In general, the results showed greater uptake in viable than nonviable tumor tissue at early time periods (4-24 h). By 96 h, however, the activity remaining in the nonviable tumor tissue exceeded the quantity in viable tumor tissue. This trend was previously noted for Ga-67. When compared with Ga-67, only Mn-54 among the isotopes studied showed remarkably higher viable tumor/blood ratios (4-24 h, 45:1-83:1 respectively). Manganese-54 also showed highly significant accumulation in cardiac muscle with a heart/blood ratio at 4 h superior to comparable values previously reported for Cs-137 and Tl-201. It is suggested that tumor and heart imaging may be feasible utilizing radioactive manganese (Mn-51 or Mn-52) with the new positron imaging systems.

Tissue distribution studies with radioactive manganese: a potential agent for myocardial imaging.

Manganese, a trace metal, is known to localize in mitochondria. Because mitochondria are abundant in heart muscle, the possible utility of radioactive manganese as a myocardial imaging agent was examined in 25 rats and six dogs. Myocardial uptake of Mn-54 in rats was found to exceed that of thallium-201; myocardium-to-blood ratios averaged 306:1 versus 48:1 for Tl-201. In the dog, uptake of Mn-54 by ischemic myocardium was reduced by 17-75% compared with normal myocardium. Thus, radioactive manganese appears promising as an intravenous myocardial imaging agent, and might be useful in studying the function of myocardial mitochondria by external imaging.

Comparison of 131I-tetracycline and 67Ga-citrate as abscess localizing agents.

Previous studies have shown that radiolabeled tetracyclines tend to accumulate in infarcts and necrotic tumors. These results suggested that radiolabeled tetracyclines might also accumulate in necrotic abscesses or areas of inflammation. In order to develop a better abscess scanning agent, we compared the efficiency of 131I-tetracycline with 67Ga-citrate in labeling experimentally induced staphylococcal aureus abscesses in rats 24 and 72 hours after injection. In addition to evaluating 131I-tetracycline as an abscess scanning agent, we hoped to obtain data which might clarify the controversy regarding early versus late gallium scanning in suspected infection. 131I-tetracycline was chosen over 99mTc-tetracycline because the longer half-life of 131I would allow 72 hour imaging. Absolute concentrations of gallium in the abscess contents and in the surrounding areas of inflammation were significantly greater than the concentration of 131I-tetracycline at both 24 and 72 hours. With the exception of blood, muscle, and bone, the abscess-to-tissue activity ratios for gallium and 131I-tetracycline were similar; however, the ratio of gallium activity in the inflammed tissue to other tissues was greater than that of 131I-tetracycline for every tissue examined at both time periods. The data suggest that 131I-tetracycline has little potential as a general abscess scanning agent. The gallium tissue concentrations and tissue ratios suggest that abscesses which can be imaged at 72 hours can probably be imaged at 24 hours, thus allowing earlier initiation of appropriate therapy. Because of the higher lesion-to-blood ratio at 72 hours, a 72-hour scan would appear to be indicated before a scan is interpreted as normal.

99mTc-thiomalic acid complex: a nonstannous chelate for renal scanning.

Thiomalic acid (monomercaptosuccinic acid) has been labeled with 99mTc without the use of an intermediary reducing agent. Tissue distribution studies in rats following the injection of 99mTc-tagged thiomalic acid (99mTc-TMA) showed 40-48% of the injected dose in the kidneys. Renal incorporation of this compound was influenced by various parameters such a pH, quantity of thiomalic acid, heating time, and the preparation-injection interval. Scintigrams of a midline kidney slice showed that the 99mTc activity concentrated mainly in the renal cortex. As a proposed renal-imaging agent 99mTc-TMA compared favorably with 99mTc-Sn-dimercaptosuccinate and 99mTc-penicillamine regarding the precent incorporation into the kidney and was superior in this respect to 99mTc-Sn-glucoheptonate and 99mTc-Sn-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid. The 99mTc-TMA was also shown to be highly stable through 24 hr. The reagent can be made available in kit form and is easily combined with 99mTc in two steps. Finally, the absence of stannous ion in the 99mTc-TMA complex should avoid the problem of interference with other procedures involving pertechnetate 99mTco4- as the imaging agent.

Considerations of 201T1 as a myocardial radionuclide imaging agent in man.

Recent reports have suggested the use of intravenous 201T1 (thallium-201) for myocardial imaging with the gamma scintillation camera. In order to better appreciate the possible utility of this agent in humans we examined its distribution and kinetics in 13 patients and in six mongrel dogs, three with experimental coronary artery occlusion. In addition, 201T1 was compared to 86Rb (rubidium-86) in 84 rats. In the rat heart, the concentration of 201T1 was 30% higher than that of 86Rb ten minutes after injection. Moreover, myocardium-to-blood ratios for 201T1 averaged 51:1, but only 32:1 for 86Rb ten minutes after administration. In the dog heart, the distribution of 201T1 paralleled that of radioiodinated (131I) albumin particles injected into the left atrium and, thus, appears to be related to regional blood flow. Its concentration in ischemic regions decreased to 32.3% of the normally perfused myocardium. In the patients with a recent or old myocardial infarction, areas of decreased 201T1 uptake were easily identified and corresponded in location to that by ECG. Repeat scans 24 hours after the initial injection showed a significant retention of 201T1 by the myocardium. 201T1 blood levels in humans 15 minutes after injection were low (averaging 1.06% +/- 0.41% SD of the total dose per liter) and these levels decreased with a biological half-life of 3.1 +/- 0.7 days. Twenty-four hour urinary excretion rates ranged from 0.6 to 6.5% of the total dose and appeared related to urinary flow and the concentation of 201T1 in blood. Because of the higher target to background ratios, 201T1 compares favorably with radioactive rubidium. 201T1 in diagnostic doses remained without detectable adverse effects and appears promising as an agent for visualizing abnormal regional myocardial perfusion in patients with coronary artery disease.

Tumor model studies of 131I-tetracycline and other compounds.

Iodine-131-tetracycline (131I-TET) was prepared by allowing tetracycline hydrochloride to react with radioiodide in acidic methanol (labeling efficiency greater than 85%). This preparation was found to be stable at--4 degrees C for at least 72 hr. Some minimal in vivo breakdown did occur. The 131I-TET, 67Ga, and several 99mTc compounds were studied in a rat hepatoma model. The incorporation of the radiopharmaceuticals into the tumor occurred rapidly, with peak levels at 0.5 and 24 hr after injection for 131I-TET and 67Ga, respectively. The clearnace of the radiopharmaceutical from nonviable tumor was slower than for viable tumor, and by 72 hr after injection the greatest concentration of radioactivity appeared in the nonviable fraction. All normal tissues showed faster clearance than did tumor tissue, regardless of viability. Decreasing the quantity of 131I-TET injected increased the percent of uptake in the nonviable tumor tissue but had no effect on the viable tumor uptake. Of the 99mTc compounds studied, the phosphates developed the highest tumor-to-background ratios. Unfortunately these ratios were not as high as those achieved for 67Ga or 131I-TET.