ABSTRACT
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has a poor 5-year survival rate of 50%. One potential reason for treatment failure is the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Several cell markers, particularly CD44, have been used to isolate CSCs. However, isolating a pure population of CSC in HNSCC still remains a challenging task. Recent findings show that normal oral stem cells were isolated using CD271 as a marker. Thus, we investigated the combined use of CD271 and CD44 to isolate an enriched subpopulation of CSCs, followed by their characterization in vitro, in vivo, and in patients' tissue samples. Fluorescent-activated cell sorting was used to isolate CD44+/CD271+ and CD44+/CD271- from two human HNSCC cell lines. Cell growth and self-renewal were measured with MTT and sphere/colony formation assays. Treatment-resistance was tested against chemotherapy (cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil) and ionizing radiation. Self-renewal, resistance, and stemness-related genes expression were measured with qRT-PCR. In vivo tumorigenicity was tested with an orthotopic immunodeficient mouse model of oral cancer. Finally, we examined the co-localization of CD44+/CD271+ in patients' tissue samples. We found that CD271+ cells were a subpopulation of CD44+ cells in human HNSCC cell lines and tissues. CD44+/CD271+ cells exhibited higher cell proliferation, sphere/colony formation, chemo- and radio-resistance, upregulation of CSCs-related genes, and in vivo tumorigenicity when compared to CD44+/CD271- or the parental cell line. These cell markers showed increased expression in patients with the increase of the tumor stage. In conclusion, using both CD44 and CD271 allowed the isolation of CSCs from HNSCC. These enriched CSCs will be more relevant in future treatment and HNSCC progression studies.
Subject(s)
Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , Head and Neck Neoplasms/pathology , Hyaluronan Receptors/metabolism , Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology , Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism , Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism , Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck/pathology , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Apoptosis , Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics , Cell Proliferation , Female , Head and Neck Neoplasms/drug therapy , Head and Neck Neoplasms/metabolism , Humans , Hyaluronan Receptors/genetics , Male , Mice , Mice, Nude , Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects , Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism , Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics , Prognosis , Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics , Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck/drug therapy , Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck/metabolism , Survival Rate , Tumor Cells, Cultured , Xenograft Model Antitumor AssaysABSTRACT
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune intraepithelial bullous disease that affects the skin and mucous membranes. Typically, the management of PV is challenging, with systemic corticosteroids being the mainstay of treatment. We describe the case of a 14-year-old girl who was diagnosed with oral PV and successfully treated with topical corticosteroids alone. This case details a pediatric mucosal PV case successfully managed solely with topical corticosteroids.
Subject(s)
Fluocinonide/therapeutic use , Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use , Mouth Diseases/drug therapy , Pemphigus/drug therapy , Administration, Topical , Adolescent , Female , Humans , Mouth Diseases/pathology , Pemphigus/pathologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To present to general dentists the typical signs and symptoms associated with adult acute (primary) herpetic gingivostomatitis. The pertinent laboratory tests, management options and current pharmacotherapy are also reviewed. REVIEW DESIGN: The clinical files of 13 adult patients were reviewed. All had no history of herpes simplex virus infection and presented with oral lesions suggestive of primary herpetic infection. The subjects were all patients of one of the investigators, and their workup included Tzanck testing and viral culture. RESULTS: The patients ranged in age from 18 to 79 (mean 37.2, standard deviation 19.6) years. Nine (69%) were men. Viral culture was confirmed as the gold standard for diagnosis. The sensitivity of Tzanck testing was 77% (10/13), slightly higher than that reported previously (40% to 50%). In this patient group the febrile lymphadenopathic profile was typical of younger patients (18 to 42 years of age), whereas older patients presented with predominantly oral symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis is not limited to children but can affect people of any age. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential, particularly in elderly and immunocompromised patients. Tzanck testing may serve as a useful adjunct in diagnosis. Antiviral agents such as valacyclovir and famciclovir should be considered part of early management. Dentists are often the first health care professionals to be consulted by patients with this condition, and recognition of the infection is paramount.
