Granulomatous myocarditis arising from intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy leading to death diagnosed by postmortem examination: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is used as a standard adjuvant therapy for non-muscle invasive urothelial cancer. Most patients tolerate the treatment well, with mild side effects. Systemic complications are extremely rare, occur due to BCG dissemination and are associated with immunocompromised state and urothelial breach. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case of a 78-year-old male, a former smoker, with history of non-muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma status post partial resection followed by intravesical BCG therapy. An autopsy was performed due to the sudden nature of his death. Autopsy showed multiple necrotizing granulomas in the brain, atrium, ventricles, lungs, kidneys, and urinary bladder. Stains for acid-fast bacilli and fungi were negative. In addition, bilateral lungs showed evidence of bronchopneumonia secondary to cytomegalovirus. CONCLUSION: Granulomatous myocarditis arising from BCG therapy is extremely rare. Our patient with urothelial cancer treated with BCG developed multiorgan granulomas, most likely due to a hypersensitivity reaction to intravesical BCG. Arrhythmia induced by granulomatous myocarditis was the cause of his death. Although there have been few cases of systemic BCG-osis causing fatal sepsis leading to death, a cardiac cause of death is unique.

A Case of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Mimicking Acute Appendicitis in a COVID-19 Pandemic Area.

The outbreak of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) began in Wuhan, China and spread rapidly throughout the world. As of now, there have been numerous reports demonstrating clinical, radiological and pathological findings in adults. In children, the disease has essentially been seen as mild and self-limiting. However, more recently, children have been presenting with findings reminiscent of Kawasaki's disease. And secondary to this, the benign nature of COVID-19 disease in children is beginning to be challenged. This phenomenon is now referred to as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). Further understanding the clinical course in MIS-C and its temporal association with coronavirus disease 2019 will be paramount for treatment and public health decision making. This correspondence describes a case of MIS-C with gastrointestinal manifestations mimicking acute appendicitis in a child presenting from a COVID-19 endemic area.