Applications and safety considerations of Lactobacillus salivarius as a probiotic in animal and human health.

The goals of this review are to summarize the current knowledge on the application of Lactobacillus salivarius as a probiotic in animals and humans, and to address safety concerns with its use on live hosts. Overall, several strains of L. salivarius are well established probiotics with multiple applications in animal health, particularly to reduce colonization by gastrointestinal pathogens, and to a lesser extent, as a production and quality aid. In humans, L. salivarius has been used to prevent and treat a variety of chronic diseases, including asthma, cancer, atopic dermatitis and halitosis, and to a much limited extent, to prevent or treat infections. Based on the results from primary research evidence, it seems that L. salivarius does not pose a health risk to animals or humans in the doses currently used for a variety of applications; however, there is a systematic lack of studies assuring the safety of many of the strains intended for clinical use. This review provides researchers in the field with up-to-date information regarding applications and safety of L. salivarius. Furthermore, it helps researchers identify knowledge gaps and potential opportunities for microbiological and clinical research.

Survival of artificially inoculated Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium on the surface of raw poultry products subjected to crust freezing.

Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. are ubiquitous in the poultry production environment, and hence, their transmission to poultry products is of concern. Industry has widely used freezing as a strategy to halt pathogen growth, and more recently, crust freezing has been suggested as a means to improve mechanical operations, quality, and safety of poultry products. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of crust freezing on the survival of Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium that were artificially inoculated on the surface of raw poultry products with or without adhering skin. Ampicillin-resistant (AR) E. coli JM 109 and nalidixic acid-resistant (NAR) Salmonella Typhimurium were used in the experiments. A set of cultures was subjected to cold-shock stress by storage at 4°C for 10 d. After being either cold-shocked or non-cold-shocked, commercial chicken breasts without skin and chicken thighs with skin were inoculated in separate experiments with each bacterium. Samples were crust frozen at -85°C for 20 min or completely frozen at -85°C for 60 min. The E. coli and Salmonella Typhimurium were recovered on appropriate selective and nonselective media containing the corresponding antibiotic. Log reductions and extent of injury were calculated and treatments were compared using ANOVA. No significant differences were observed in the reduction of cold-shocked or non-cold-shocked bacteria on products with or without skin that were crust or completely frozen. The average reduction for E. coli was 0.15 log(10) cfu/mL of rinse, and for Salmonella Typhimurium 0.10 log(10) cfu/mL of rinse; therefore, none of the final reductions were greater than the desired target (1 log). Bacterial cell injury was not significantly different (P > 0.05) among any of the treatments. Data showed no practical significance for initial reduction of these pathogens from crust freezing and thus, this technology should not be considered as a strategy for the reduction of E. coli and Salmonella Typhimurium on poultry.

Tratamento de pacientes portadores de dispepsia alta ou de úlcera peptica com preparaçöes de Espinheira-santa (Maytenus ilicifolia) / Treatment of Patients of High Dyspepsia or Peptic Ulcers with Maytenus ilicifolia Preparations

Em esquema duplo-cego, vinte e três pacientes diagnosticados como portadoes de dispepsia alta näo-ulcerosa foram alocados para receber, durante 28 dias, duas cápsulas contendo 200 mg cada de liofilizado de abafo de espinheira-santa (treze pacientes) ou cápsulas contendo açucar mascavo como placebo (onze pacientes). Apenas um paciente do grupo espinheira-santa näo terminou o tratamento contra cinco desistências do grupo placebo, sendo a diferença estatisticamente significante. O grupo espinheira-santa também apresentou melhora estatisticamente significante, em relaçäo ao grupo placebo, no que diz respeito a sintomatologia dispéptica global, e, particularmente, nos sintomas de azia e dor. Näo houve queixas de efeitos colaterais produzidos pela espinheira-santa. Vinte pacientes com úlceras pépticas, diagnosticadas endoscopicamente, passaram a receber, em esquema duplo-cego, duas cápsulas diárias com 200 mg de liofilizado de espinheira-santa (dez pacientes) ou cápsulas de palcebo (dez pacientes). Dado o número de desistências (cinco e quatro, respectivamente) e das cicatrizaçöes de úlceras terem ocorrido também no grupo placebo, os resultados näo diferiram estatisticamente