ABSTRACT
Abstract Objectives: microbiological quality of raw human milk (HM) from donors at the HMB (Human Milk Bank) of Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Ouro Preto was evaluated. Methods: the microbiological quality of milk from each of 10 donors in triplicate (30 samples) was evaluated by enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus and total aerobic mesophiles (surface plating) and total and thermotolerant coliforms (Most Probable Number - MPN). A questionnaire and a checklist were applied after the end of sample collection to verify the compliance of milk extraction and storage procedures by the donors. Results: inadequacies in the procedures for expression and storage of donated HM were observed. The presence of all microorganisms studied were verified in the milk of all donors, and in some cases exceeded the safety limits. The checklist indicated that some necessary hygienic-sanitary procedures were not carefully performed, making it important to properly guide the donors. Conclusions: this study points to an unfavorable scenario for the safety and quality of donated HM, and it is important to encourage further studies to be conducted so that the Brazilian network of HMB adopts stricter criteria for instructions on procedures and support for HM donors.
Resumo Objetivos: avaliou-se a qualidade microbiológica do leite humano (LH) cru de doadoras do Banco de Leite Humano (BLH) da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Ouro Preto. Métodos: a qualidade microbiológica do leite de cada uma das 10 doadoras em triplicata (30 amostras) foi avaliada por meio da enumeração de Staphylococcus aureus e mesóflos aeróbios totais (plaqueamento em superfície) e coliformes totais e termotolerantes (Número Mais Provável -NMP). Para verificar a conformidade dos procedimentos de extração e armazenamento do leite pelas doadoras, aplicou-se um questionário e um checklist após o término da coleta das amostras. Resultados: observou-se inadequações nos procedimentos de expressão e armazenamento do LH doado. A presença de todos os microrganismos estudados foram verificados no leite de todas as doadoras e, em alguns casos, excedeu os limites de segurança. O checklist indicou que alguns procedimentos higiênico-sanitários necessários não foram realizados criteriosamente, tornando importante orientar adequadamente as doadoras. Conclusões: este estudo aponta um cenário desfavorável para a segurança e a qualidade do LH doado, sendo importante incentivar mais estudos a serem realizados para que a rede brasileira de BLH adote critérios mais rigorosos de instruções sobre procedimentos e suporte para doadoras de LH.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Quality Control , Food Quality , Milk Banks/standards , Breast Milk Expression/methods , Food Microbiology , Milk, Human/microbiology , BrazilABSTRACT
Flavonoids are one of the main groups of polyphenols found in natural products. Traditional flavonoid extraction techniques are being replaced by advanced techniques to reduce energy and solvent consumption, increase efficiency and selectivity, to meet increased market demand and environmental regulations. Advanced technologies, such as microwaves, ultrasound, pressurized liquids, supercritical fluids, and electric fields, are alternatives currently being used. These modern techniques are generally faster, more environmentally friendly, and with higher automation levels compared to conventional extraction techniques. This review will discuss the different methods available for flavonoid extraction from natural sources and the main parameters involved (temperature, solvent, sample quantity, extraction time, among others). Recent trends and their industrial importance are also discussed in detail, providing insight into their potential. Thus, this paper seeks to review the innovations of compound extraction techniques, presenting in each of them their advantages and disadvantages, trying to offer a broader scope in the understanding of flavonoid extraction from different plant matrices.
