Utilização de resíduos para produção de mudas de goiabeira / Waste use as substrate to yield guava seedlings

A goiabeira, considerada uma planta rústica, pode ser encontrada vegetando em estado nativo em solos de baixa fertilidade, porém, quando cultivada comercialmente necessita de quantidade considerável de fertilizante e corretivo para obter boa produtividade. A preocupação no cultivo começa já na fase inicial de desenvolvimento com a escolha de um substrato adequado na formação de mudas de qualidade, permitindo que as mesmas expressem todo seu potencial produtivo. O objetivo desse trabalho foi verificar o efeito de diferentes substratos (S1 terra, S2 terra+areia fina+vermiculita, S3 terra+areia fina+esterco bovino, S4 terra+areia fina+substrato comercial, S5 terra+areia fina+substrato de lixo urbano, S6 terra+areia fina+lodo de esgoto, S7 terra+areia fina+húmus de minhoca, S8 terra+areia fina+bagaço de cana e S9 terra+areia fina+torta de filtro) em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições no desenvolvimento e estado nutricional de mudas de goiabeira. Os melhores substratos para formação de mudas foram obtidos com vermiculita+terra+areia fina; húmus de minhoca+terra+areia fina; bagaço de cana+terra+areia fina e torta de filtro+terra+areia fina. A utilização de lodo de esgoto e composto de lixo urbano deve ser mais bem avaliada para a composição de substratos.

The guava tree (Psidium guajava L.), considered a rustic plant, can be found growing naturally in low-fertility soils. However, when commercially cultivated it needs considerable amounts of fertilizers and soil correctives to attain good yields. These special measures for cultivation start with choice of a suitable substrate to grow good-quality seedlings, allowing them to reach their full productive potential. The aim of this work was to study the effect of different substrates (S1 soil, S2 vermiculite+soil+fine sand, S3 cattle manure+soil+fine sand, S4 commercial substrate+soil+fine sand, S5 urban compost+soil+fine sand, S6 sewage sludge+soil+fine sand, S7 earthworm compost+soil+fine sand, S8 chopped sugarcane bagasse+soil+fine sand, and S9 sugarcane filter cake+soil+fine sand) in completely randomized design with four replicates on the development and nutritional state of guava seedlings. The result showed that the best substrates were vermiculite+soil+fine sand; earthworm compost+soil+fine sand; sugarcane bagasse+soil+fine sand, and filter cake+soil+fine sand. The use of sewage sludge and urban trash compost should be further studied for the composition of substrates.

Utilização de resíduos para produção de mudas de goiabeira / Waste use as substrate to yield guava seedlings

A goiabeira, considerada uma planta rústica, pode ser encontrada vegetando em estado nativo em solos de baixa fertilidade, porém, quando cultivada comercialmente necessita de quantidade considerável de fertilizante e corretivo para obter boa produtividade. A preocupação no cultivo começa já na fase inicial de desenvolvimento com a escolha de um substrato adequado na formação de mudas de qualidade, permitindo que as mesmas expressem todo seu potencial produtivo. O objetivo desse trabalho foi verificar o efeito de diferentes substratos (S1 terra, S2 terra+areia fina+vermiculita, S3 terra+areia fina+esterco bovino, S4 terra+areia fina+substrato comercial, S5 terra+areia fina+substrato de lixo urbano, S6 terra+areia fina+lodo de esgoto, S7 terra+areia fina+húmus de minhoca, S8 terra+areia fina+bagaço de cana e S9 terra+areia fina+torta de filtro) em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições no desenvolvimento e estado nutricional de mudas de goiabeira. Os melhores substratos para formação de mudas foram obtidos com vermiculita+terra+areia fina; húmus de minhoca+terra+areia fina; bagaço de cana+terra+areia fina e torta de filtro+terra+areia fina. A utilização de lodo de esgoto e composto de lixo urbano deve ser mais bem avaliada para a composição de substratos.

The guava tree (Psidium guajava L.), considered a rustic plant, can be found growing naturally in low-fertility soils. However, when commercially cultivated it needs considerable amounts of fertilizers and soil correctives to attain good yields. These special measures for cultivation start with choice of a suitable substrate to grow good-quality seedlings, allowing them to reach their full productive potential. The aim of this work was to study the effect of different substrates (S1 soil, S2 vermiculite+soil+fine sand, S3 cattle manure+soil+fine sand, S4 commercial substrate+soil+fine sand, S5 urban compost+soil+fine sand, S6 sewage sludge+soil+fine sand, S7 earthworm compost+soil+fine sand, S8 chopped sugarcane bagasse+soil+fine sand, and S9 sugarcane filter cake+soil+fine sand) in completely randomized design with four replicates on the development and nutritional state of guava seedlings. The result showed that the best substrates were vermiculite+soil+fine sand; earthworm compost+soil+fine sand; sugarcane bagasse+soil+fine sand, and filter cake+soil+fine sand. The use of sewage sludge and urban trash compost should be further studied for the composition of substrates.

Heavy metals in vegetables and potential risk for human health

Ingestion of vegetables containing heavy metals is one of the main ways in which these elements enter the human body. Once entered, heavy metals are deposited in bone and fat tissues, overlapping noble minerals. Slowly released into the body, heavy metals can cause an array of diseases. This study aimed to investigate the concentrations of cadmium, nickel, lead, cobalt and chromium in the most frequently consumed foodstuff in the São Paulo State, Brazil and to compare the heavy metal contents with the permissible limits established by the Brazilian legislation. A value of intake of heavy metals in human diets was also calculated to estimate the risk to human health. Vegetable samples were collected at the São Paulo General Warehousing and Centers Company, and the heavy metal content was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. All sampled vegetables presented average concentrations of Cd and Ni lower than the permissible limits established by the Brazilian legislation. Pb and Cr exceeded the limits in 44 % of the analyzed samples. The Brazilian legislation does not establish a permissible limit for Co contents. Regarding the consumption habit of the population in the São Paulo State, the daily ingestion of heavy metals was below the oral dose of reference, therefore, consumption of these vegetables can be considered safe and without risk to human health.

Heavy metals in vegetables and potential risk for human health

Ingestion of vegetables containing heavy metals is one of the main ways in which these elements enter the human body. Once entered, heavy metals are deposited in bone and fat tissues, overlapping noble minerals. Slowly released into the body, heavy metals can cause an array of diseases. This study aimed to investigate the concentrations of cadmium, nickel, lead, cobalt and chromium in the most frequently consumed foodstuff in the São Paulo State, Brazil and to compare the heavy metal contents with the permissible limits established by the Brazilian legislation. A value of intake of heavy metals in human diets was also calculated to estimate the risk to human health. Vegetable samples were collected at the São Paulo General Warehousing and Centers Company, and the heavy metal content was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. All sampled vegetables presented average concentrations of Cd and Ni lower than the permissible limits established by the Brazilian legislation. Pb and Cr exceeded the limits in 44 % of the analyzed samples. The Brazilian legislation does not establish a permissible limit for Co contents. Regarding the consumption habit of the population in the São Paulo State, the daily ingestion of heavy metals was below the oral dose of reference, therefore, consumption of these vegetables can be considered safe and without risk to human health.

Determinação da matéria seca e teores de macronutrientes em folhas de frutíferas usando diferentes métodos de secagem

The objective of this study was to evaluate different methods of drying of leaves for three different fruit (passion fruit, peach and avocado), with respect to the determination of dry matter and foliar nutrients. Samples were collected from recently expanded leaves of three crops orchard Farm education and research FCAV-UNESP, Jaboticabal campus, in January 2010, by collecting 12 samples for each culture with 25 leaves. The treatments consisted of two drying methods, greenhouse circulation of air regulated to a temperature of 70°C and FMO. We evaluated the mass of dry matter and foliar nutrients. The results suggest that the two drying methods tested did not interfere in the determination of dry matter and foliar nutrients to crops analyzed, except the calcium levels in peach.

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar diferentes métodos de secagem de folhas para três diferentes frutíferas (maracujá, pêssego e abacate), com relação à determinação da matéria seca e os teores foliares de macronutrientes. Foram coletadas amostras de folhas recém expandida de três culturas, do pomar da fazenda de ensino e pesquisa da FCAV-UNESP, câmpus de Jaboticabal, no mês de janeiro de 2010, coletando-se para cada cultura 12 amostras com 25 folhas cada. Os tratamentos constituíram-se por dois métodos de secagem, estufa de circulação de ar forçada regulada a uma temperatura de 70°C e o forno microondas (FMO). Avaliou-se a massa da matéria seca e os teores foliares de macronutrientes. Os resultados sugerem que os dois métodos de secagem testados se assemelham na determinação de matéria seca e nos teores foliares de macronutrientes para as culturas análisadas, exceto os teores de cálcio na cultura do pêssego.

Determinação da matéria seca e teores de macronutrientes em folhas de frutíferas usando diferentes métodos de secagem

The objective of this study was to evaluate different methods of drying of leaves for three different fruit (passion fruit, peach and avocado), with respect to the determination of dry matter and foliar nutrients. Samples were collected from recently expanded leaves of three crops orchard Farm education and research FCAV-UNESP, Jaboticabal campus, in January 2010, by collecting 12 samples for each culture with 25 leaves. The treatments consisted of two drying methods, greenhouse circulation of air regulated to a temperature of 70°C and FMO. We evaluated the mass of dry matter and foliar nutrients. The results suggest that the two drying methods tested did not interfere in the determination of dry matter and foliar nutrients to crops analyzed, except the calcium levels in peach.

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar diferentes métodos de secagem de folhas para três diferentes frutíferas (maracujá, pêssego e abacate), com relação à determinação da matéria seca e os teores foliares de macronutrientes. Foram coletadas amostras de folhas recém expandida de três culturas, do pomar da fazenda de ensino e pesquisa da FCAV-UNESP, câmpus de Jaboticabal, no mês de janeiro de 2010, coletando-se para cada cultura 12 amostras com 25 folhas cada. Os tratamentos constituíram-se por dois métodos de secagem, estufa de circulação de ar forçada regulada a uma temperatura de 70°C e o forno microondas (FMO). Avaliou-se a massa da matéria seca e os teores foliares de macronutrientes. Os resultados sugerem que os dois métodos de secagem testados se assemelham na determinação de matéria seca e nos teores foliares de macronutrientes para as culturas análisadas, exceto os teores de cálcio na cultura do pêssego.

Determinação da matéria seca e teores de macronutrientes em folhas de frutíferas usando diferentes métodos de secagem

The objective of this study was to evaluate different methods of drying of leaves for three different fruit (passion fruit, peach and avocado), with respect to the determination of dry matter and foliar nutrients. Samples were collected from recently expanded leaves of three crops orchard Farm education and research FCAV-UNESP, Jaboticabal campus, in January 2010, by collecting 12 samples for each culture with 25 leaves. The treatments consisted of two drying methods, greenhouse circulation of air regulated to a temperature of 70°C and FMO. We evaluated the mass of dry matter and foliar nutrients. The results suggest that the two drying methods tested did not interfere in the determination of dry matter and foliar nutrients to crops analyzed, except the calcium levels in peach.

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar diferentes métodos de secagem de folhas para três diferentes frutíferas (maracujá, pêssego e abacate), com relação à determinação da matéria seca e os teores foliares de macronutrientes. Foram coletadas amostras de folhas recém expandida de três culturas, do pomar da fazenda de ensino e pesquisa da FCAV-UNESP, câmpus de Jaboticabal, no mês de janeiro de 2010, coletando-se para cada cultura 12 amostras com 25 folhas cada. Os tratamentos constituíram-se por dois métodos de secagem, estufa de circulação de ar forçada regulada a uma temperatura de 70°C e o forno microondas (FMO). Avaliou-se a massa da matéria seca e os teores foliares de macronutrientes. Os resultados sugerem que os dois métodos de secagem testados se assemelham na determinação de matéria seca e nos teores foliares de macronutrientes para as culturas análisadas, exceto os teores de cálcio na cultura do pêssego.