ABSTRACT
4-tert-Butyl-4'-methoxydibenzoylmethane (BMDM) is widely used throughout the world as a highly effective UVA absorber that can prevent the progression of photoaging in skin. However, due to its low photostability, BMDM is also known for the disadvantage of having a reduced capability to absorb UVA during prolonged exposure to sunlight. Although many studies have been carried out to overcome this disadvantage of BMDM, little attention has been paid to how the radicals generated from BMDM during UV exposure influence the skin. Therefore, the purpose of this study was twofold: One goal was to clarify the influence of radicals on human skin using cytotoxicity as a parameter. The second was to propose a solution that could reduce the radical formation while taking photostability into consideration. Using ESR spin trapping and superoxide dismutase (SOD) treatment, the radicals produced by the UV exposure of BMDM were shown to be superoxide anion radicals (â¢O2-). HaCaT keratinocytes exposed to UVA in the presence of BMDM showed a significant reduction in cell viability, indicating that the radicals produced from BMDM have a harmful influence on the skin. UVA exposure coincidently led to a reduction of UVA absorbance by BMDM. Interestingly, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (Benzophenone-3; BP3) reduced both the radical formation and the cytotoxicity resulting from the UVA-exposure of BMDM, while also restoring its UVA absorbance. In conclusion, the results show that BMDM and BP3 is an effective combination to reduce the influence of UVA-exposed BMDM on the skin and to prevent the loss of UVA absorbance by BMDM during UV exposure.
