The impact of COVID-19 on acute urinary stone presentations: a single-centre experience.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has seen a change in the numbers of patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with non-COVID symptoms, resulting in delayed presentations of many medical and surgical conditions. AIMS: To examine the impact of COVID-19 on acute urolithiasis presentations to the ED. METHODS: In this retrospective, single-centre, observational study, we reviewed all CT KUBs (and their corresponding cases) ordered in ED for possible acute urolithiasis in a 100-day period immediately prior to COVID-19 and in a 100-day period immediately afterwards. We sought to establish the number of CT KUBs performed and the number confirming urolithiasis. We recorded patients' age, gender, stone size and location. We also analysed CRP, WCC and creatinine as well as the duration of patients' pain and the management strategy adopted for each case. RESULTS: One hundred ninety-eight CT KUBs were performed, 94 pre-COVID and 104 intra-COVID. A total of 70.2% (n = 66) and 66.3% (n = 69) were positive for urolithiasis pre-COVID and intra-COVID respectively (p = 0.56). There was a significantly higher percentage of females pre-COVID compared with intra-COVID (54% vs 36%, p = 0.012). There was no difference in median ureteric stone size seen between the groups (4.7 mm pre-COVID vs 4.0 mm intra-COVID, p = 0.179). There were no significant differences in WCC, CRP or creatinine levels. One patient in the pre-COVID group and two in the intra-COVID groups required percutaneous nephrostomies. CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic did not result in fewer or sicker patients presenting with acute ureteric colic cases to the ED.

Does postal consent for flexible cystoscopy work?

BACKGROUND: Informed consent is an integral part of the process prior to any surgical procedure [1]. Flexible cystoscopy is a common day case urological procedure and it is the gold standard investigation for visible haematuria [2]. AIM: To assess if postal consent is a suitable form of gaining informed consent for flexible cystoscopy. METHODS: Patients booked for a flexible cystoscopy are initially reviewed in clinic. An information leaflet with an attached consent form is then posted to their home 2 weeks prior to their procedure. We designed a short questionnaire, to assess patient's satisfaction and understanding of the literature, given to them after the procedure. RESULTS: Sixty-seven questionnaires were completed. The mean age was 54. Sixty patients (93%) think that postal consent is of benefit to the patient. Sixty-one patients (91%) read the information sheet and felt that there was enough information regarding the procedure on it. Fifty-four patients (81%) had no difficulty understanding the consent form. Forty patients (60%) signed the form prior to arrival in the hospital. CONCLUSION: Postal consent is commonly used for gastro-intestinal endoscopy procedures. Postal consent for flexible cystoscopy is not well reported in the literature. Our study shows postal consent to be a suitable form of gaining informed consent for flexible cystoscopy.

Management of colon-invading renal cell carcinoma: Operative technique and systematic review.

Invasion into adjacent organs by non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) occurs in 1% of patients suitable for resection. Colonic invasion is rare and presents technical challenges. No prospective data exists to guide management of these patients. We present the first reported case of a colon-invading RCC managed with simultaneous open right radical nephrectomy and extended right hemicolectomy. PubMed, Scopus and EMBASE databases were searched for relevant case reports reporting management of colon-invading renal cell carcinoma. Case reports, case series and cohort studies were eligible. A chart review was performed on a patient who presented with right-sided colon-invading RCC. Four previously reported cases were identified. The current case was managed with simultaneous open radical nephrectomy and extended right hemicolectomy. The patient remains well six months postoperatively with no evidence of disease recurrence. Histopathological evaluation of the resected specimen confirmed a T4 clear cell RCC with sarcomatoid differentiation. Colon-invading RCC is rare. This is the first reported case of right-sided, colon-invading RCC treated with radical resection. The current case confirms radical resection is a feasible management strategy for similar presentations. En bloc resection of involved organs remains the only potentially curative option for locally advanced disease.

Visible haematuria-an unusual presentation of metastatic testicular mixed germ cell tumour.

A 29-year-old male patient presented to the emergency department with haematuria and flank pain. Ten months agopreviously, he had undergone orchidectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy for a testicular mixed germ cell tumour. Cystoscopy revealed a large bladder wall mass. The final diagnosis of yolk sac tumour was established after transurethral resection of the lesion. The patient was treated with salvage chemotherapy and placed on short-interval biochemical and radiological surveillance to assess treatment response.

Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate in an Irish prostate cancer patient cohort-an aggressive pathology and a strong familial link.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC-P) is poorly studied in the Irish population. This study investigated the incidence and clinicopathologic characteristics of IDC-P in an Irish prostate cancer (PCa) patient cohort. The study also discusses the rationale for genetic counseling and screening in Irish patients with familial risk factors for IDC-P. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study investigated patients diagnosed with IDC-P on prostate biopsy from 2012 to 2016. Primary outcome measurements were incidence, management, and clinical outcomes after follow-up in patients with IDC-P. The secondary outcome measurement was to identify a familial link for IDC-P. RESULTS: A total of 1,143 patients were diagnosed with PCa on needle biopsy, of which 30 (2.3%) had concomitant IDC-P. Mean age and prostate-specific antigen at diagnosis were 68.6 ± 10.5 years (range 53-85 years) and 9.15 ± 8.65 ng/mL (range 2.1-166 ng/mL), respectively. In total, 17 of 30 patients (57%) were diagnosed with concomitant high-grade (i.e., ≥Gleason score 8) PCa. Eight patients (27%) were treated with radical prostatectomy; of which five had biochemical recurrence (BCR) after 10.55 ± 25.9 months. Eleven patients (37%) received radical radiotherapy; of which one had BCR after 36 months. Eleven patients (37%) presented with advanced PCa and were managed with androgen deprivation therapy ± chemotherapy. A family history for PCa in first-degree relatives was found in eight patients (27%). CONCLUSIONS: IDC-P is associated with more aggressive clinicopathologic features and an increased risk of BCR after treatment. In Ireland, clinical guidelines and a genetic screening pathway are required to provide early detection and appropriate multimodal management of patients with IDC-P.

Predictors of emergency department attendance following ureterorenoscopy for urolithiasis.

BACKGROUND: We sought to determine the rate of emergency department (ED) attendance for complications after ureterorenoscopy (URS) for stone disease and to identify risk factors for ED attendance after URS. METHODS: An analysis of all patients undergoing URS over 12 months at a single institution was performed. Patient demographics, preoperative and intraoperative variables associated with postoperative complications and subsequent ED attendance were collected. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine predictors of URS complications presenting to ED. RESULTS: In total, 202 ureteroscopies were performed on 142 patients for urolithiasis. The mean age was 50.73 ± 13.93 and 66% were male. The incidence of re-presentation to ED was 14.8% (n = 30). Patients presented with postoperative pain (n = 10; 4.95%), pyrexia (n = 9; 4.46%), urinary tract infection (UTI) (n = 7, 3.47%), haematuria (n = 3, 1.49%) and urosepsis (n = 1; 0.5%). Significant risk factors for ED attendance included preoperative stent dwell time > 30 days (P = 0.004), recently treated positive preoperative urine culture (P < 0.0001), stone size ≥ 13 mm (P = 0.043), stone location mid-ureter (P = 0.036) and female gender (P = 0.005). The following factors did not predict ED attendance, stent omission, access sheath utilization and operation duration. CONCLUSION: Risk factors for ED attendance after URS include prolonged pre-stent dwell time, stone size ≥ 13 mm, treatment for a positive preoperative urine culture, mid-ureteric stone location and female gender. Urologists should be aware of these findings to decrease the risk of emergency re-presentation after elective URS surgery.

Ureteric stenting with magnetic retrieval: an alternative to traditional methods.

INTRODUCTION: Ureteric stents are frequently placed following endo-urological procedures. These stents cause significant morbidity for patients. Standard ureteric stents are removed by flexible cystoscopy. This procedure can be unpleasant for patients and requires additional resources. A newly designed magnetic stent allows removal in an outpatient setting. The aim of our study is to compare the magnetic stent and standard ureteric stents with regard to morbidity, pain on stent removal and cost-effectiveness. METHODS: This study was carried out across two sites between September 2016 and July 2017. In site A, a magnetic stent (Urotech, Black-Star®) is removed by magnetic retrieval device. Fifty consecutive patients completed the validated Ureteric Stent Symptom Questionnaire (USSQ) and visual analogue scale (VAS) at the time of stent removal. On site B, a soft polyurethane stent (Cook Universa) was removed by flexible cystoscopy. Fifty patients were identified retrospectively and completed questionnaires by post. Cost analysis was also performed. RESULTS: One hundred questionnaires were included for analysis. No significant difference in stent morbidity as assessed by the USSQ was shown between both groups. Median duration of stenting was significantly shorter in the magnetic stent group (5.5 versus 21.5 days, p < 0.001). Mean pain on stent removal was significantly less with magnetic retrieval (2.9 versus 3.9, p < 0.05). Complication rates were similar in both groups. Cost analysis showed a cost saving of €203 per patient with the magnetic stent group. CONCLUSION: Magnetic stents cause similar morbidity for patients compared with standard stents removed by flexible cystoscopy; they are associated with less pain at removal and are cost saving.

TNF-alpha and cortisone impair peptide chain initiation by altering the availability of initiation factor EIF-4E.

The effect of chronic tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) and cortisone treatment on the concentration of translational initiation factor eIF-4E in rat skeletal muscle was evaluated. Crude muscle extracts from control and experimental groups (TNF-a s.c. @ 50 microg/kg body wt each day for 5 days or cortisone s.c. @ 100 mg/kg body wt for 5 days) were used to purify eIF-4E by immunoprecipitation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) followed by Western blot analysis. Quantification of eIF-4E was done by densitometry. Both TNF-a and cortisone induced a marked decline in the concentration of eIF-4E in rat skeletal muscle. There was no difference in the ratio of phosphorylated to unphosphorylated eIF-4E after TNF-a treatment. These findings suggest that both TNF-a and cortisone inhibit peptide chain initiation in skeletal muscle cells by decreasing the expression of eIF-4E.

Pendred's syndrome.

This report describes Pendred's syndrome in three siblings of a consanguineous marriage, belonging to Rahim YarKhan. The children presented with deafmutism and goiters. The investigations included scintigram, perchlorate discharge test and audiometery. The perchlorate discharge was positive in index case. Bilateral sensorineural hearing defect was detected on Pure Tone Average (PTA) audiometry. Meticulous clinical and laboratory evaluation is mandatory for the detection of rare disorders like Pendred's syndrome.