Spotlight on contributory role of host immunogenetic profiling in SARS-CoV-2 infection: Susceptibility, severity, mortality, and vaccine effectiveness.

BACKGROUND: The SARS-CoV-2 virus has spread continuously worldwide, characterized by various clinical symptoms. The immune system responds to SARS-CoV-2 infection by producing Abs and secreting cytokines. Recently, numerous studies have highlighted that immunogenetic factors perform a putative role in COVID-19 pathogenesis and implicate vaccination effectiveness. AIM: This review summarizes the relevant articles and evaluates the significance of mutation and polymorphism in immune-related genes regarding susceptibility, severity, mortality, and vaccination effectiveness of COVID-19. Furthermore, the correlation between host immunogenetic and SARS-CoV-2 reinfection is discussed. METHOD: A comprehensive search was conducted to identify relevant articles using five databases until January 2023, which resulted in 105 total articles. KEY FINDINGS: Taken to gather this review summarized that: (a) there is a plausible correlation between immune-related genes and COVID-19 outcomes, (b) the HLAs, cytokines, chemokines, and other immune-related genes expression profiles can be a prognostic factor in COVID-19-infected patients, and (c) polymorphisms in immune-related genes have been associated with the effectiveness of vaccination. SIGNIFICANCE: Regarding the importance of mutation and polymorphisms in immune-related genes in COVID-19 outcomes, modulating candidate genes is expected to help clinical decisions, patient outcomes management, and innovative therapeutic approach development. In addition, the manipulation of host immunogenetics is hypothesized to induce more robust cellular and humoral immune responses, effectively increase the efficacy of vaccines, and subsequently reduce the incidence rates of reinfection-associated COVID-19.

Correlation of Expression of MMP-2, ACE2, and TMPRSS2 Genes with Lymphopenia for Mild and Severity of COVID-19.

Some risk causes may be associated with the severity of COVID-19. The central host-pathogen factors might affect infection are human receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), trans-membrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), and SARS-CoV-2 surface spike (S)-protein. The main purpose of this study was to determine the differences in the expression the metalloproteinases-2  (MMP-2), MMP-9, ACE2, and TMPRSS2 genes and their correlation with lymphopenia in the mild and severe types of the COVID-19 patients. Eighty-eight patients, aged 36 to 60 years old with the mild (n=44) and severe (n=44) types of COVID-19 were enrolled. Total RNA was isolated from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The changes of MMP-2, MMP-9, ACE2 and TMPRSS2 gene expression in PBMCs from mild and severe COVID-19 patients were examined by the real time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay and, compared between the groups. Data were collected from May 2021 to March 2022. The mean age of the patients in both groups was 48 (interquartile range, 36-60), and there were no appreciable differences in age or gender distribution between the two groups. The present study showed that a significant increase in the expression of ACE2, TMPRSS2, MMP-2, and MMP-9 genes in the severe type of the COVID-19 patients compared, to the mild type of the COVID-19 patients. Overall, it suggests the expression levels of these genes on the PBMC surface in the immune system are susceptible to infection by SARS-COV-2 and therefore could potentially predict the patients' outcome.

The Association between Proportion HLA-BW4 or HLA-BW6 May Causes Immunity Failure in COVID-19.

No Abstract.

The in vitro effects of vitamin 1, 25(OH) 2 D3 on expression of cytokines: In new-onset systemic lupus erythematosus patients.

BACKGROUND: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting a variety of factors in the immune system. Awareness of the role of cytokines in SLE has led to new clinical perspectives in its pathogenesis; therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of vitamin 1, 25(OH) 2 D3 (D3) on the expression of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IFN-γ cytokines in patients with lupus. METHODS: A total of 65 new-onset SLE patients were enrolled in the study. After peripheral blood mononuclear cell isolation, the lymphocytes of each patient were divided into two groups, one treated with a concentration of 50 µmol vitamin D3 (test) and the other untreated with vitamin D3 (control), were cultured. After 24 hours, the cultured cells were collected and the expressions of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IFN-γ genes were analyzed by RT-qPCR. RESULTS: It was observed that vitamin D3 reduced expression of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 genes by 73, 50, 37, and 29%, respectively, and increased IL-2 gene expression by 31% (p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION: With different patterns of cytokine changes in patients with lupus in different studies, it seems that the pattern of cytokine changes is largely dependent on the phase of the disease and with this study it can be concluded that vitamin D3 administration at the time of diagnosis and in the early stages and before starting treatment have different effects from its administration in the acute stage of the disease, which requires further studies to prove. It seems that in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, vitamin D should be administered taking into account the phase of the disease.

Preliminary In Vitro Effects of CD8+ T Lymphocyte Specific for the CD20 Alternative Splicing D393-CD20 Peptide Expressed on Burkitt Lymphoma Cells.

The effective discovery of clinically relevant tumor antigens holds a fundamental role for the development of new diagnostic tools and anticancer immunotherapies. D393-CD20 mRNA is absent from normal resting B cells but present in various malignant or transformed B cells. CD8+T lymphocytes play a central role in immunity to cancer. In this study, we want use from T CD8+ against D393-CD20 for effect in RAMOS cell line. After isolation and expanding of specific TCD8 + Lymphocyte against D393-CD20 antigen, for examining the effect of specialized T lymphocyte clone of D393-CD20 antigen on RAMOS cell line, we co-cultured them together, and the rate of apoptosis were examined by flow cytometry and cytotoxicity techniques by using MTT technique. We observed that specialized TCD8+ lymphocyte of D393-CD20 antigen can induce apoptosis in malignant B-lymphocytes, and this antigen can be a proper target for immunotherapy.