Relationship between coping styles (problem-oriented, emotion-oriented, and avoidance-oriented) with psychological well-being in people with coronavirus-2019 experience in Kermanshah city.

BACKGROUND: Considering the epidemic status of the COVID-19 virus, the discussion of the psychological effects of this disease on the mental health of people at different levels of society is of great importance. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between coping (problem-oriented, emotion-oriented, and avoidance-oriented) with psychological well-being in people with coronavirus disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this correlational study, the statistical population consisted of all individuals with experience of coronavirus in 2021 in Kermanshah city. In total, 220 people were selected as the sample using an available sampling method. The instruments used in this study were Reef Psycho-Welfare Questionnaire (PWBQ) and Andler and Parker Coping Styles (CISS-SF). Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and simultaneous regression. RESULTS: Multiple correlations of coping variables (problem-oriented, emotion-oriented, and avoidance-oriented) with psychological well-being (R = 0.671; P = 0.01) are significant. Problem-oriented coping style (beta = 0.329; P = 0.05), emotional coping style (beta = 0.329; P = 0.05); avoidant coping style (beta = 0.144; P = 0.05) had a significant relationship with psychological well-being. CONCLUSION: According to the obtained results, the importance of paying attention to coping styles in psychological well-being is felt more than before. Psychological well-being seems to be influenced by other factors and their interactive effects as well.

The role of death anxiety as a mediator in the relationship between personality types and psychological well-being in coronavirus disease-2019 patients.

BACKGROUND: Given the widespread presence of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) virus, it is critical to explore the psychological consequences of this disease on people at all levels of society. The purpose of this study was to look into the role of death anxiety as a mediator in the relationship between personality types and psychological well-being in people with COVID-19 disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, the research method is correlational in terms of descriptive data collection method. The statistical population consisted of all people who had experienced COVID-19 in Kermanshah, Iran 2020-2021, 220 of whom were chosen by the available sample method. The Ryff Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire (PWBQ), the personality types of John and Srivastava's short five-factor list (BFI-SV), and the Collett-Lester Anxiety Death Scale were among the research instruments employed (CL-FODS). The suggested model was evaluated using the structural equation modeling strategy and the Amos software. RESULTS: The findings demonstrated that extraversion, adaptation, and conscientious personality types have a positive and significant relationship with psychological well-being while neuroticism has a negative and significant relationship with psychological well-being, and openness to experience indirectly improves psychological well-being by reducing death anxiety. CONCLUSION: Death anxiety appears to play a mediating role in the relationship between personality types and psychological well-being in people with COVID-19, according to the findings of this study. As a result, the proposed model fits well and can be used as an important step in identifying factors that affect people with COVID-19's psychological well-being.

Physical Activity Patterns, Circadian Rhythms, and Aggressive and Suicidal Behavior among a Larger Sample of the General Population Aged 15 to 34 Years.

BACKGROUND: From a psychological perspective, aggressive behavior, non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior could be considered dysfunctional coping strategies. Poor sleep patterns may further increase such dysfunctional coping. In contrast, regular physical activity may have the power to counteract such dysfunctional coping. Given this background, the aim of the present study was to combine categories of circadian rhythms as a proxy of normative sleep patterns and categories of physical activity patterns, and to associate these categories with aggressive behavior, non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior among a larger sample of adolescents and young adults, aged 15 to 34 years. METHOD: A total of 2991 (55.6% females) individuals aged 15 to 34 years of the so-called Ravansar non-communicable disease cohort study (RaNCD) took part in this study. Participants completed self-rating questionnaires covering circadian-related sleep patterns, regular physical activity, socio-demographic information and dimensions of aggression, non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior. RESULTS: In a first step, both sleep patterns (circadian rhythm disorder: yes vs. no) and physical activity patterns (high vs. low) were dichotomized. Next, participants were assigned to one of four prototypical clusters: No circadian sleep disorders and high physical activity ("Hi-Sleep-Hi-PA"); no circadian sleep disorders and low physical activity ("Hi-Sleep-Lo-PA"); circadian sleep disorders and high physical activity ("Lo-Sleep-Hi-PA"); circadian sleep disorders and low physical activity ("Lo-Sleep-Lo-PA"). Projecting these four clusters on dimensions of aggressive behavior, non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior, the following findings were observed: Participants of the "Hi-Sleep-Hi-PA" reported the lowest scores for aggressive behavior, self-injury and suicidal behavior, compared to participants of the "Lo-Sleep-Lo-PA" cluster. No differences for aggressive behavior, self-injury and suicidal behavior were observed among participants of the "Hi-Sleep-Lo-PA" and the "Lo-Sleep-Hi-PA" clusters. CONCLUSIONS: It appeared that the combination of favorable circadian sleep patterns and high physical activity patterns was associated with lower aggressive behavior, lower self-injury and suicidal behavior as proxies of favorable psychological functioning. In contrast, persons reporting high circadian sleep disorders and low physical activity patterns appeared to demand particular attention and counseling for both their lifestyle issues (sleep and physical activity) and their dysfunctional coping strategies.

Sleep hygiene and sleep quality in Iranian adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVES: Sleep is one of the issues that attracted the attention of researchers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Researchers focused their studies on the prevalence of sleep disorders, sleep quality, and sleep duration. Sleep hygiene is a set of guidelines that play an important role in the sleep quality, the present study sought to evaluate the amount of sleep hygiene and sleep quality in Iranian adolescents and their relationship during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: The present study was conducted using a cross-sectional design. The research population consisted of all adolescents living in Kermanshah (western Iran) in 2021. The participants were a sample of 610 adolescents. They completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory and Adolescent Sleep Hygiene Scale. RESULTS: The mean sleep quality score for the participants was 7.14 ± 2.47, indicating the high frequency of sleep problems affecting the participants. There were significant correlations between all components of sleep hygiene and sleep quality. There was also a significant correlation (r = - 0.46 between sleep hygiene and sleep quality (p < 0.001). No significant difference was observed in sleep hygiene and sleep quality between the male and female adolescents. The results showed that sleep hygiene subscales can predict sleep quality (R = 0.53, F = 39.20, p < .01). CONCLUSIONS: The data in this study confirmed the poor observance of sleep hygiene in adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic and reported frequent sleep problems among the participants. The results also indicated a moderate relationship between sleep hygiene and sleep quality in adolescents. Thus, sleep hygiene components can be related to sleep quality.

Co-occurrence of Aggression and Suicide Attempt Among Young People and Related Factors: Findings from Iranian Youth Cohort Study in Ravansar.

BACKGROUND: Aggression and suicide attempt are behaviors that affect public health. To better understand the nature of these behaviors, the present study was conducted to investigate the concurrence of suicide attempt and aggression in young people. This study sought to identify those factors which contribute to the co-occurrence of suicide attempt and aggression in young people. METHODS: The present study was part of the recruitment phase of Ravansar youth cohort study (a branch of the PERSIAN Cohort) with a sample of 2991 people from Ravansar in western Iran. Registration and data collection were done between October 2014 and January 2017. Data were collected using structured interviews and standard questionnaires, and analyzed using multi-nominal logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The results showed that the variables of age and education were significant correlates of concurrence of suicide attempt and aggression. Also, among the mental disorders, only major depressive disorder (MDD) (OR=8.34, P=0.001) predicted the concurrence of suicide attempt and aggression in the past 12 month. In contrast, the variables of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), dysthymia, and substance use disorder were not significant in predicting the concurrence of attempted suicide and aggression. CONCLUSION: The occurrence of aggression and suicide in young people is a complex phenomenon, and more research should be done to better understand this phenomenon.

The relationship between parents' sleep quality and sleep hygiene and preschool children' sleep habits.

Objective: The relationship between parents' sleep quality and sleep hygiene and preschool children's sleep habits was examined. Material and Methods: The study population consisted of the parents of all preschool children at daycare centers located in Kermanshah Province. Through cluster sampling, 153 parents from 26 daycare centers were selected. In order to assess the quality of sleep and sleep health of parents, Pittsburg sleep quality index (PSQI) and sleep hygiene index (SHI) were used. As to the status of childrens sleep habits (CSH), the parents also completed child sleep habit questionnaire (CSHQ). Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 25. The non-parametric tests like U Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis's test, Spearman's rho, and regression test were used. Results: The mean score of CSHQ from the parents' viewpoint was 56.34±7.96, which meant a relatively improper sleep habits in the children. The CSH was significantly and directly related to parents' sleep quality and all of its subscales except two sub-scales (SSQ and HSE). In addition, CSH was directly and significantly related to the parents' sleep hygiene and its three subscales. The results of multiple linear regression showed that the impact coeffcient of parents' sleep quality (B=1.02), given the t-value, predicted changes in CSH with 0.99 confidence. Conclusion: In general, the results showed that CSH was in a relatively bad state, while it had a direct relationship with parents' sleep quality and hygiene. To improve CSH, it is possible to improve parents' sleep quality through implementing proper programs and motivating parents to observe sleep hygiene.

Assessment of the Psychometric Properties of the Holland Sleep Disorders Questionnaire in the Iranian Population.

Background: Assessing sleep disorders and understanding their causes are essential for the proper treatment and management of the disorders. The Holland Sleep Disorders Questionnaire (HSDQ) is a self-assessment questionnaire that measures sleep problems and symptoms based on the six categories of sleep disorders described in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders-2 (ICSD-2). The aim of this study was at validating and assessing the psychometric properties of the HSDQ in Iranian adults. Method: The study was carried out as a methodological and validation work. The guidelines for translation and cultural adaptation of patient-reported outcome measures were followed for the translation and the cultural validation of the tool. To examine construct validity, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with 216 participants and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with 355 participants were used. As to the reliability, the test-retest method and, as to internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha were employed. Data analyses were done in SPSS-25 and LISREL-8. Results: The CFA and EFA results confirmed the tool with six factors and 31 items. The R 2 index of the model was 0.99, which indicated that 99% of changes in the dependent variable (adults' sleep problem) were attributed to the independent variable (the 31 items). In other words, 0.99 of the changes in the dependent variable were due to the independent variables. The main indices of CFA (χ 2/DF = 2.65, CFI = 0.91NNFI/TLI = 0.92GFI = 0.81, REMSEA = 0.043, R 2 = 0.99) were acceptable. In addition, a correlation coefficient below 0.05 was considered as significant. Reliability of the tool based on internal correlation (Cronbach's alpha) was in the 0.701-0.924 range for the subscales and equal to 0.789 for the whole tool. Conclusion: In general, the results showed that the Farsi version of HSDQ (six factors and 31 items) had acceptable and applicable indices and it can be used as a valid tool in the Iranian society. The tool can be used as a reliable tool in different fields of medical sciences.

Cluster analysis of risky behaviors among the youth in Western Iran: Determining correlates and comparing clusters based on severity of disability and attitude toward mental health help-seeking.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The objectives of the study were (i) cluster analysis of risky behaviors; (ii) determining correlates; and (iii) comparing clusters with regard to the attitude toward mental health help seeking. METHODS: The current cross-sectional study is a part of the first phase of the Persian Youth Cohort. From October 2014 to January 2017, 2990 individuals from Ravansar City in western Iran completed structured interviews and national and international standard questionnaires. The obtained data were analyzed using two-stage cluster analysis, multinomial logistic regression analysis, and Chi-square test. RESULTS: This model provided three distinct clusters: (i) low-risk group with mild distress, (ii) high-risk group with high distress, and (iii) violent group with medium distress. Some sociodemographic and lifetime psychiatric disorders were the correlates of unhealthy clusters (P < 0.05). Compared to the reference cluster, a higher number of members in unhealthy clusters were suffering from medium to severe disability. Nevertheless, the participants in these clusters were less inclined to mental health help seeking. CONCLUSIONS: More than half of the youth were suffering from suicidal and violent behaviors. Since high-risk participants are less inclined to mental health help seeking, the health policymakers can successfully utilize the results in planning general health programs.

Psychometric properties of insomnia severity index in Iranian adolescents.

OBJECTIVES: Sleep deprivation and insomnia have negative impacts on mental and physical health in adolescents. In order to examine the problems caused by insomnia, we need tools with acceptable validity and reliability for the target population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) in Iranian adolescent population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was carried out as a descriptive-analytic normalization. Study group consisted of 701 adolescents aged 12 to 19, who were selected through cluster sampling. The participants completed ISI, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory (PSQI), Adolescent sleep hygiene scale (ASHS) and global sleep assessment questionnaire (GSAQ). In addition, SPSS ver.22 and AMOSS ver.10 were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The reliability of the test was obtained equal to 0.77 based on Cronbach's alpha and a good reliability (0.84) was obtained through test/retest method. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses with seven items were computed. The models fitness indexes were suitable for the structural model (CFI=0.99%, NFI=0.98%, GFI=0.99%, TLI=0.98%, RMSEA=0.049%). Moreover, there was a direct and significant correlation between the ISI index and the total score of other indexes. As to gender-based reliability, Cronbach's alpha was 0.78 in female adolescents and 0.85 in male adolescents. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that the Persian version of the insomnia severity index can be used as a reliable and valid tool for assessing the severity of insomnia in Persian-speaking adolescents.

Psychometric Properties of the Persian Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index for Adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies show that poor sleep is a health concern related to further psychological and physiological issues during adolescence. To assess subjective sleep quality and sleep patterns among adults, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a well and internationally established tool. Here, we established the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the PSQI for adolescents. METHOD: A total of 1477 adolescents (mean age: 15.47 years; 53.2% females) took part in the study. They completed a booklet on sociodemographic information, the Persian version of the PSQI for adolescents, and the Adolescent Sleep Hygiene Scale (ASHS). We relied on classical test reliability approaches of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. RESULTS: Classical exploratory factor analysis yielded the seven-factor solution, with concurrent confirmation and overlap with the dimensions of the ASHS, although correlation coefficients were small to medium. A further factor analysis yielded a four-factor solution, explaining 72% of the variance of the PSQI. Further, three out of these four factors predicted the ASHS overall score. CONCLUSIONS: The Persian version of the PSQI for adolescents showed satisfactory psychometric properties. It follows that the Persian PSQI is a suitable tool to assess sleep quality and sleep patterns among adolescents.

Validation of the Persian version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in elderly population.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in the elderly population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A methodological study was conducted as a confirmatory factor analysis. Totally, 598 elderly people were selected through cluster sampling. In addition to analyzing the three-factor structure of PSQI, internal consistency reliability, structural validity, and its concurrent validity were examined. The structural credibility of PSQI was examined using other similar tools such as Sleep Health, Epworth Sleepiness, Insomnia Severity, Global Sleep Assessment, and Berlin indices. Finally, the concurrent criterion validity of PSQI was evaluated through multivariable regression analysis and all statistical analyzes were performed using SPSS and AMOS software. RESULTS: The reliability of the test according to Cronbach's alpha was 0.81. Confirmatory factor analysis indicators supported goodness of fit of the structural equation model. The confirmatory factor analysis showed that the ratio of χ2/ DF was 2.66 for the three-factor structure of PSQI and the goodness of fit indices of model were acceptable for this structural model (RMSEA=0.053, CFI=0.98, TLI=0.96, NFI=0.97, GFI=0.99). In addition, the internal consistency of the PSQI was 0.81 and the scales correlation score ranged from 0.48 to 0.71. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that Persian version of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index had the required validity and reliability for the elderly population of Iran and it can be used as a useful tool by other studies.

Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders and Associated Factors among the Youth in Ravansar, Iran.

BACKGROUND: Mental disorders contribute significantly to the burden of diseases in Iran. Therefore, the current study aims to assess the prevalence of psychiatric disorders and their associated factors among youth in Kermanshah province of Iran. METHODS: The current study is a part of the first phase of Ravansar Cohort (a part of the PERSIAN Youth Cohort) including 2991 participants aged 15 to 34 from Ravansar district in western Iran. Enrollment and data collection for this phase were performed from end April 2015 to early April 2017. The data were gathered using structured interviews and national and international standard questionnaires. Data analysis was carried out using multinomial logistic regression and chi-square test. RESULTS: The prevalence of any psychiatric disorder among the selected population was 31.3%. Major depressive disorder (MDD) (21.6%), followed by generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) (6.4%) and dysthymia (1.9%) were the most prevalent disorders among the study individuals. The prevalence of alcohol and opioid/stimulant use disorders was 4.6% and 5.1%, respectively. Moreover, there was significant relationship between location of residence (city or village) and marital status with prevalence of the disorders. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of the current study, it can be concluded that the prevalence of mental and psychiatric disorders among the youth in Ravansar district, western Iran is relatively high and needs specific plans and interventions to control it.

Cluster analysis of psychiatric profile, its correlates, and using mental health services among the young people aged 15-34: findings from the first phase of Iranian youth cohort in Ravansar.

PURPOSES: (1) Cluster analysis of psychiatric disorders and partitioning the youth; (2) determining socio-demographic correlates and parental histories for each one of the clusters; and (3) comparing clusters based on the extent and type of using psychotherapeutic services. METHODS: The current cross-sectional study is a part of the first phase of PERSIAN Youth Cohort. The sample of the study includes 2991 participants aged 15-34 (27 ± 5.1 years, 55.6% female) from Ravansar district in western Iran. Enrollment and data collection for this phase were performed from October, 2014 to January, 2017. The data were collected through structured interviews, including the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI; version 2.1), mental health-related Sheehan Disability Scale, and Service Use Questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed using two-step cluster analysis, multinomial logistic regression, and Chi-square test. RESULTS: Our model proposed three clusters: a clinical cluster with significant mental disability; a healthy cluster with significant disability; and a healthy cluster with mild disability. There is a direct relationship between widow/divorced marital status and psychiatric maternal history with the clinical cluster (P < 0.05). Clinical and non-clinical clusters with medium to severe disability used services for mental health more often that the healthy cluster with mild functional disability (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study show that 28.7% of the youth in the general population of western Iran are suffering from psychiatric disorders and nearly two-thirds of the total population reported a medium-severe functional disability. Considering the wide range of mental disorders and the functional disability levels created by these disorders, cluster analysis could provide invaluable information regarding the partitioning of the youth population.

Validation of the Farsi version of the revised Adolescent Sleep Hygiene Scale (ASHSr): a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Restoring sleep is associated with a broad variety of favorable cognitive, emotional, social and behavioral benefits during the day. This holds particularly true for adolescents, as maturational, social, cognitive, emotional and behavioral changes might unfavorably impact on adolescents' sleep. Among adolescents, poor sleep hygiene practices are a potentially modifiable risk factor that can be addressed via appropriate interventions. Accordingly, having reliable and valid self-report measures to assess sleep hygiene practices is essential to gauge individual responses to behavioral interventions and evaluate sleep hygiene recommendations. The aim of the present study therefore was to translate and to test the psychometric properties (internal consistency, test-retest reliability, factorial and concurrent validity) of the Farsi/Persian version of the revised version of the Adolescent Sleep Hygiene Scale (ASHSr). METHOD: A total of 1013 adolescents (mean age: M = 15.4 years; SD = 1.2; range: 12-19 years; 42.9% females) completed the ASHSr and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) in their classroom during an official school lesson. Further, 20% completed the ASHSr 6 weeks later to evaluate the test-retest reliability. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were calculated to examine internal consistency, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to test factorial validity, whereas concurrent validity and test-retest reliability were examined via correlation analyses. RESULTS: A first-order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) corroborated the six-factor structure of the ASHSr, including a physiological, behavioral arousal, cognitive/emotional, daytime sleep, sleep environment, and sleep stability factor. A second-order CFA showed that a higher-order sleep hygiene construct explained sufficient variance in each factor. Cronbach's alpha values ranged between .71 and .75, correlations for test-retest reliability between .82 and .87. Significant correlations were found between most ASHSr scales and the PSQI indices. However, the magnitude of these correlations was weak. CONCLUSIONS: The Farsi/Persian version of the Adolescent Sleep Hygiene Scale can be used as a reliable and valid tool for evaluation of sleep hygiene practices among Farsi/Persian-speaking adolescents.

Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of Sleep Hygiene Index in the General Population.

BACKGROUND: Inadequate sleep hygiene may result in difficulties in daily functioning; therefore, reliable scales for measuring sleep hygiene are important. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: From April 2014 to May 2015, 1280 subjects, who were selected by cluster random sampling in Kermanshah province, filled out the SHI, Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), and insomnia severity index (ISI). A subset of the participants (20%) repeated the SHI after a four to six-week interval to measure test-retest reliability. Then, we computed the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients of SHI against PSQI, ESS and ISI, to demonstrate the construct validity of the SHI. The factor structure of the SHI was evaluated by explanatory factor analysis. RESULTS: The interclass correlation coefficient was 0.89, and SHI was found to have good test-retest reliability (r = 0.89, P < 0.01). The SHI was positively correlated with the total score of the PSQI (r = 0.60, P < 0.01), ESS (r = 0.62, P < 0.01) and ISI (r = 0.60, P < 0.01). Exploratory factor analysis extracted three factors, namely "sleep-wake cycle behaviors" (four items), "bedroom factors" (three items), and "behaviors that affect sleep" (six items). CONCLUSIONS: The Persian version of the SHI can be considered a reliable tool for evaluating sleep hygiene in the general population.

Sleep Hygiene Pattern and Behaviors and Related Factors among General Population in West Of Iran.

INTRODUCTION: Sleep hygiene was found as an important predictor for sleep quality. People's sleep hygiene can have a major role in their daily function. The purpose of the study was to determine sleep hygiene patterns and sleep hygiene behaviors and factors affecting them in the general population of Kermanshah, Iran. MATERIAL & METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 1829 men and 1262 women were selected randomly from 50 clusters of different parts of the city. The inclusion criteria were age between 12 and 65 years and living in Kermanshah. The exclusion criteria were psychiatric disorder and known general medical conditions that affecting sleep. The data collection instruments were demographic questionnaire and Sleep Hygiene Questionnaire, consisted of 13 items about biological rhythm and bed room environment and behaviors that affecting sleep. Data were analyzed by using SPSS version 16 software. RESULTS: The highest percentage was obtained for irregular woke and went up from day to day or at weekend and holidays (74.8%). Only 213 (6.9%) participants were classified as having good sleep hygiene (score 12-14). The mean age of very poor, poor, moderate, and good sleepers was 34.8 ± 14.4, 33.7 ± 17.4, 36.5 ± 13.8, and 35 ± 13.7years, respectively. There were significant differences between the age of poor and moderate sleepers and also sleep hygiene patterns with respect to sex, education level and job. CONCLUSION: Poor sleep hygiene were more frequent in Iranian peoples and the major problem in sleep hygiene in our study was inappropriate sleep schedule.

Sleep Quality in University Students with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder.

BACKGROUND: Up to 8% of women in their reproductive years are affected by Premenstral Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD). Sleep disturbances such as insomnia or hypersomnia are one of the DSM-IV-TR's defining criteria for the diagnosis of PMDD and are found in about 70% of women with the disorder. However, studies are lacking that specifically address the effects of PMDD on quality of sleep. AIM: This study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of Premenstrual DysphoricDisorder (PMDD) and its impact on sleep quality in female university students. METHODS: We developed an 18-item PMDD scale based on The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) to diagnose PMDD in female university studentswho ranged in age from 18 to 30 years and had regular menstrual cycles.Participants were categorized into a PMDD group or a No/PMDD group and sleep quality was compared between the two groups. The evaluation tool used to measure sleep quality was the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). RESULTS: The prevalence of PMDD in female universitystudents was 25.5%. Analysis of the PSQI demonstrated that 80.5% of those in PMDD group had a PSQI that scored >5; however, only 56.4% in the No/PMDD grouphad a PSQI that scored >5 (χ2 =12.459, p<0.001). The mean PSQI score was 8.2(3.4) in the PMDD group and was 6.5(3.1) in the No/PMDD group (t=3.648, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Female university students who experience PMDD are deeply affected by sleep problems. Lower sleep quality, daytime dysfunction, and sleep disturbance are common sleep problems among female university students with PMDD.