[The role of intestinal alkaline phosphatase in the development of obesity. Modulation of enzyme activity by high fat diet and dietary fiber].

Interest to the tissue-specific intestinal isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (IAP) has increased in recent years due to eating disorders that have led to widespread obesity and diet-related diseases. Obesity is considered as an inflammation of low intensity, which is accompanied by the manifestation of various metabolic complications and a disturbance of intestinal homeostasis. IAP is one of the participants in the mechanism of the macroorganism protection against inflammatory and infectious processes, carrying out enzymatic detoxification of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (the trigger of the inflammatory process). Deficiency of IAP activity contributes to the risk of obesity, inflammatory diseases. The objective of the research was to summarize the current understanding of the role of IAP involved in the molecular mechanism of diet-induced obesity and to evaluate the impact of dietary components - fats and dietary fiber on IAP activity. Material and methods. A literature search on the role of IAP in the development of obesity was carried out using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, RSCI databases. Results. IAP prevents the development of the inflammatory process by participating in the detoxification of toxic bacterial products, limiting the translocation of pathogenic bacteria from the intestine to various tissues and organs of the macroorganism. The enzyme maintains the integrity of the intestinal barrier, influencing the synthesis and proper localization of tight junction's proteins between intestinal epithelial cells, promotes changes in the composition of the microbiota, decreasing pathogenic bacteria and increasing the population of the community of beneficial microorganisms. IAP is involved in the regulation of fatty acid absorption and influences on the adipogenesis. Monitoring the activity of IAP present in human stool can predict the early development of such complications associated with obesity as metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus, Some nutrients modulate IAP activity. Depending on the amount, type, composition of fats and the duration of their consumption, either an increase or decrease in the IAP activity are observed, while dietary fibers stimulate the activity of the enzyme. Conclusion. IAP activity can be considered as an early predictor of the risk of obesity. Deficiency of IAP activity contributes to the development of obesity caused by high-fat diet. The high activity of the enzyme contributes to the support of intestinal homeostasis and limits transepithelial movement of bacteria, weakening the inflammatory process induced by lipopolysaccharides, the excess concentration of which is detected in obesity. Stimulating enzyme activity through dietary intervention reduces the risk of obesity and metabolic complications.

[Gastroprotective and antidepressant-like effect of plum pectin (Prunus domestica L.) under water-immobilization stress in laboratory mice].

Stress effects activate the processes of free radical oxidation in the organism, lead to hyper production of reactive radicals and oxidative stress, provoking the development of an inflammatory process in various parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Pectin polysaccharides together with the enzyme components of the endogenous antioxidant system contribute to the elimination of the imbalance between prooxidants and antioxidants in the tissues of stressed animals and have a gastroprotective and antidepressant-like effect. The aim of the research was to evaluate the gastroprotective, antioxidant and antidepressant-like effect of plum pectin orally administered to white laboratory mice before stressful exposure. Material and methods. In the experiment on white BALB/c mice weighing 20-25 g (90 males, 10 in each group), pectin isolated from fresh plum fruits in an artificial gastric environment was used. It was administered orally to mice 24 h before the onset of stress exposure or behavioral activity asessment. 50 animals were subjected to 5 h of water immersion stress. After this corticosterone concentration in blood plasma, and the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in the tissue supernatants of the gastrointestinal tract were determined, and the condition of the gastric mucosa was also assessed. Behavioral activity of experimental mice (n=30) was assessed in the open field and forced swimming tests. Results. The stress effect was accompanied by an increase in plasma corticosterone concentration (more than 3 fold), in the activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase in the tissues of the stomach wall and small intestine (17.9-28.6%) and destructive damage in the gastric mucosa compared with the indices of intact animals. Preliminary oral administration of plum pectin to animals at a dose of 80 mg per 1 kg of body weight helped to reduce the level of corticosterone and the number of stress-induced hemorrhages on the gastric mucosa, normalized the activity of antioxidant enzymes and also decreased the immobility time of mice in the forced swimming test. Preliminary oral administration of plum pectin to animals at a dose of 80 mg per 1 kg of body weight prevented an increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes, corticosterone in the blood and the development of stress-induced hemorrhages on the gastric mucosa, and reduced the time of immobility of mice in the forced swimming test. Conclusion. Plum fruit pectin pre-administered into mice before stress prevents stress-induced damage in the tissues of the gastrointestinal tract, contributing to an increase in the body's resistance to the stress factor. Plum pectin has an antioxidant, gastroprotective and antidepressant-like effect and can be used as an ingredient in functional foods that reduce the risk of inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract under stress.

[Dietary fiber as modulators of gastrointestinal hormonal peptide secretion].

The review provides information on the effect of dietary fibers on the production of key gastrointestinal hormonal peptides that affect eating behavior and the formation of feelings of hunger and satiety. The mechanisms of action of dietary fiber on the production of appetite-regulating peptides are discussed. Modulation of gastrointestinal hormonal peptide secretion by dietary fibers is involved in the regulation of the balance of energy, appetite, and body weight. The aim of the research was to expand the understanding about the effects of dietary fiber on the secretion of major gastrointestinal hormonal peptides involved in appetite control, the formation of feelings of hunger, satiety and satiation. Results. Gastrointestinal hormones, as physiological regulators of food intake, play an essential role in the formation of feelings of hunger, satiety and satiation, helping to reduce appetite and maintain normal body weight. Various dietary fibers, depending on the physic-chemical properties, the amount and duration of the consumption period, can have a modulating effect on the secretion of the hunger hormone ghrelin and the hormones of satiety: leptin and intestinal peptides (glucagon-like peptide-1, cholecystokinin and YY peptide). Conclusion. Dietary fiber influence on processes of energy intake, food ingestion and nutrient absorption in gastrointestinal tract, enhance neuroendocrine responses, modulate release of appetite-regulating hormones involved in energy balance and regulation of feelings of hunger and satiety. The possibility to promote a favorable profile of the endogenic gastrointestinal hormones by inclusion of dietary fiber in food ration both in the form of the natural food and additionally as dietary supplements is of interest as one from strategies of over appetite control and normal body weight maintenance.

[Effect of pectin substances on activity of human pancreatic alpha-amylase in vitro].

Pectin substances were extracted from food plants: sweet pepper Capsicum annuum L., carrot sowing Daucus sativus L., bulb onion Allium cepa L., white cabbage Brassica oleracea L. by two methods with acid solutions similar to gastric environment. The pectins that were extracted were characterized by Monosaccharide composition and quantitative contents of uronic acids, neutral monosaccharides, methoxy groups, protein. The inhibitory effect of all extracted pectin-protein complexes on activity of pharmaceutical drugs of human pancreatic alpha-amylase was detected. It was found that the inhibitory effect of isolated pectin substances was dependent upon the species of plant source, the manner of pectin substance extraction, the chemical composition and acting concentrations. The ability of pectin substances to suppress enzyme activity was found in a range of pectin concentrations from 0.5 up to 1.5 %. It was revealed that extracted pectin substances from bulb onion and white cabbage by acid solution with pepsin had a 2.4-3.4 times greater inhibiting effect on the human pancreatic alpha-amylase activity in comparison with pectin substances extracted by solution without pepsin from the same plant sources in high concentrations.

Induction of beta-1,3-glucanase in callus cultures in vitro.

Sodium salicylate (NaSA) increased induction of both intracellular and extracellular beta-1,3-glucanases in calluses of campion and duckweed. NaSA concentrations from 30 to 100 mM were optimal for induction of intracellular glucanase in the campion callus, and for induction of extracellular glucanase the optimal concentration varied from 5 to 100 mM. The glucanase activity in the duckweed callus was lower than in the campion callus, and co-cultivation of the campion callus with Trichoderma harzianum mycelium increased the production of intracellular and extracellular beta-1,3-glucanases and polygalacturonase in the callus. Biosynthesis by T. harzianum of glucanases, extracellular polygalacturonase and xylanase, and of intracellular galactosidase was increased. The co-cultivation was accompanied by increased activity of intracellular acidic isoform of glucanase Glu-3 secreted by the callus cells into the medium, whereas NaSA activated in the callus culture the extracellular acidic isoform Glu-1 and extracellular basic isoform Glu-5. These data indicate the induction of these isoforms and the specificity of protective response of plant cells to different factors.

[Physiological role of carbonic anhydrase isozymes and their distribution in ruminant gastrointestinal tract].

New data on physical-chemical characteristics, biochemical properties and functional specificity of carbonic anhydrase isozymes of human and animals are reviewed. The recent literature information about the tissue composition and regional distribution of isozymes of carbonic anhydrase in the ruminant gastrointestinal tract is generalized. The participation of carbonic anhydrase isozymes in the regulation of acid-base balance in the organism of ruminants is considered.

[Antioxidant status of ewe's blood during pregnancy and lactation].

Antioxidant status of ewe's blood during pregnancy and lactation was studied. It is revealed that the lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes is decreased, whereas in blood plasma is increased in the middle pregnancy, reaching the maximum shortly before peak of progesterone production. The activities of antioxidant enzymes are increased at the end of pregnancy, when the level of progesterone in blood is maximal. The positive correlation between plasma progesterone level and activity of erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (p < 0.01), between plasma cortisol concentration and total antioxidant capacity of blood plasma (p < 0.05) are revealed. It is shown, that the activities of antioxidant enzymes reach a maximum in the critical periods of pregnancy, providing the protection of the maternal organism and the fetus against negative influence of free radicals. The positive correlation between a level of hormones and separate parameters of antioxidant system in blood allows to assume, that progesterone participates in the regulation of enzymatic part of the antioxidant system, while cortisol is implicated in the regulation of the non-enzymatic component of this system in ewes.

[The cytoplasmic isozymes of carbonic anhydrase in the gastrointestinal tract of reindeer].

The cytoplasmic isozymes of carbonic anhydrase: CA I and CA II, in the gastrointestinal tract tissues of reindeer were identified by electrophoresis and substrate-inhibitory tests. The study of the tissue distribution and composition of the cytoplasmic isozymes has shown, that isozyme CA II is found in the forestomachs and the colon mucosal tissue, whereas isozyme CA II predominates in the abomasum and small intestinal mucosa tissue.

[Geographical variation of allele frequencies at the LDH-A* locus in the arctic grayling Thymallus arcticus Pall. and in the European grayling Thymallus arcticus L]. / Geograficheskaia izmenchivost' chastot allelei lokusa LDH-A* u sibirskogo Thymalus articus Pall. i evropeiskogo Thymallus thymallus L. khariusa.

The allele frequencies of LDH-A* locus were studied in the population of Siberian grayling from the Kozhym River (Pechora basin) and in the population of European grayling from Pechora, Mezen', and Vym' rivers (Northern Dvina basin). In samples of both species (n = 134), three LDH-A phenotypes have been identified in total, which proved to be under the control of two alleles: LDH-A*100 and LDH-A*50. The alternative alleles of LDH-A* locus were identified in the populations of Siberian grayling from Kozhym River and in the population of European grayling from the same river and other Pechora tributaries, namely, LDH-A*100 and LDH-A*50 in the Siberian and the European grayling, respectively. However, in the European grayling populations from the Mezen' and Vym' rivers, both alleles occur at the frequencies of the rare LDH-A*100 allele of 0.143 and 0.222, respectively. According to the published data, the frequency of LDH-A*100 allele increases in the European grayling populations of northwestern (Finland) and southern (France) rivers, reaching 0.872 and 1.000 in Rhone and Loire, respectively, i.e., the values characteristic of the Siberian grayling populations.

[Ethnogenetics of the Komi-Zyrians according to data on the distribution of gene frequencies of erythrocyte and serum systems in the blood]. / Etnogenetika komi-zyrian po dannym raspredeleniia chastot genov éritrotsitarnykh i syvorotochnykh sistem krovi.

Distribution of gene markers of blood groups (ABO, RH, MN, KEL, and FY), erythrocyte enzymes (SOD-A and 6-PGD) and serum proteins (Hp, Gc, Tf, and ChE2) was studied in 10 ethnographic and geographic groups of Komis. Some of the groups studied differ significantly in the allele frequencies--B-ABO (0.163-0.289), Fy alpha (0.496-0.693), K (0.018-0.076)--and in haplotype frequencies of RH system--CDe (0.237-0.403), cDE (0.219-0.351), and cde (0.225-0.425). Average gene frequencies in Komis are considered in regard to ethnogenesis of the nation. It is demonstrated that Komis are genetically close to Finno-Ugrian ethnic groups of the Ural territory, but are different from Baltic Finns.

[Testing the homozygosity of Baikal seal using data on genetic variability of proteins]. / Proverka gomozigotnosti baikal'skoi nerpy po dannym analiza geneticheskoi izmenchivosti belkov.

Interspecies genetic variability of Baikal seal was studied for 22 proteins encoded by 24 loci. Genetic variants have been detected in transferrin (TfA = 0.96; TfB = 0.04), postalbumin (PaA = 0.130; PaB = 0.870) and "slow" carboxylesterase (CrE-6A = 0.98; CrE-6B = 0.02). Low genetic variability is characteristic of species as well as of many other representatives of Pinnipedia order.