Risk Prediction in Male Adolescents With Congenital Long QT Syndrome: Implications for Sex-Specific Risk Stratification in Potassium Channel-Mediated Long QT Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Sex-specific risk management may improve outcomes in congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS). We recently developed a prediction score for cardiac events (CEs) and life-threatening events (LTEs) in postadolescent women with LQTS. In the present study, we aimed to develop personalized risk estimates for the burden of CEs and LTEs in male adolescents with potassium channel-mediated LQTS. METHODS AND RESULTS: The prognostic model was derived from the LQTS Registry headquartered in Rochester, NY, comprising 611 LQT1 or LQT2 male adolescents from age 10 through 20 years, using the following variables: genotype/mutation location, QTc-specific thresholds, history of syncope, and ß-blocker therapy. Anderson-Gill modeling was performed for the end point of CE burden (total number of syncope, aborted cardiac arrest, and appropriate defibrillator shocks). The applicability of the CE prediction model was tested for the end point of the first LTE (excluding syncope and adding sudden cardiac death) using Cox modeling. A total of 270 CEs occurred during follow-up. The genotype-phenotype risk prediction model identified low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups, comprising 74%, 14%, and 12% of the study population, respectively. Compared with the low-risk group, high-risk male subjects experienced a pronounced 5.2-fold increased risk of recurrent CEs (P<0.001), whereas intermediate-risk patients had a 2.1-fold (P=0.004) increased risk . At age 20 years, the low-, intermediate-, and high-risk adolescent male patients had on average 0.3, 0.6, and 1.4 CEs per person, respectively. Corresponding 10-year adjusted probabilities for a first LTE were 2%, 6%, and 8%. CONCLUSIONS: Personalized genotype-phenotype risk estimates can be used to guide sex-specific management in male adolescents with potassium channel-mediated LQTS.

Effect of Carvedilol vs Metoprolol on Atrial and Ventricular Arrhythmias Among Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Recipients.

BACKGROUND: Both selective and nonselective beta-blockers are used to treat patients with heart failure (HF). However, the data on the association of beta-blocker type with risk of atrial arrhythmia and ventricular arrhythmia (VA) in HF patients with a primary prevention implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) are limited. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to evaluate the effect of metoprolol vs carvedilol on the risk of atrial tachyarrhythmia (ATA) and VA in HF patients with an ICD. METHODS: This study pooled primary prevention ICD recipients from 5 landmark ICD trials (MADIT-II, MADIT-CRT, MADIT-RIT, MADIT-RISK, and RAID). Fine and Gray multivariate regression models, stratified by study, were used to evaluate the risk of ATA, inappropriate ICD shocks, and fast VA (defined as ventricular tachycardia ≥200 beats/min or ventricular fibrillation) by beta-blocker type. RESULTS: Among 4,194 patients, 2,920 (70%) were prescribed carvedilol and 1,274 (30%) metoprolol. The cumulative incidence of ATA at 3.5 years was 11% in patients treated with carvedilol vs 15% in patients taking metoprolol (P = 0.003). Multivariate analysis showed that carvedilol treatment was associated with a 35% reduction in the risk of ATA (HR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.53-0.81; P < 0.001) when compared to metoprolol, and with a corresponding 35% reduction in the risk of inappropriate ICD shocks (HR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.47-0.89; P = 0.008). Carvedilol vs metoprolol was also associated with a 16% reduction in the risk of fast VA. However, these findings did not reach statistical significance (HR: 0.84; 95% CI: 0.70-1.02; P = 0.085). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggests that HF patients with ICDs on carvedilol treatment experience a significantly lower risk of ATA and inappropriate ICD shocks when compared to treatment with metoprolol.

Comparison of Frequency of Ventricular Tachyarrhythmia in Men-Versus-Women in Patients with Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator for Primary Prevention.

Current guidelines do not account for possible sex differences in the risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmia (VTA). We sought to identify specific factors associated with increased risk for VTA in women implanted with a primary prevention implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). Our study cohort consisted of 4,506 patients with an ICD or cardiac resynchronization therapy-defibrillator who were enrolled in the 4 landmark MADIT studies - MADIT-II, MADIT-RISK, MADIT-CRT and MADIT-RIT (1,075 women [24%]). Fine and Gray regression models were used to identify female-specific risk factors for the primary end point of VTA, defined as ICD-recorded, treated, or monitored, sustained ventricular tachycardia ≥170 beats per minute or ventricular fibrillation. At 3.5 years of follow-up, the cumulative incidence of VTA was significantly lower in women than men (17% vs 26%, respectively; p <0.001 for the entire follow-up). Use of amiodarone at enrollment, Black race, and history of previous myocardial infarction without previous revascularization was found to be independent risk factors of VTA in women. Of these factors, only Black race was associated with a statistically significant risk increase in men. At 3.5 years, the cumulative incidence of VTA in women with one or more of these risk factors was 27% compared with 14% in women with none of the risk factors (hazard ratio [confidence interval] = 2.08 [1.49 to 2.91]). In conclusion, our study, comprising 4 landmark ICD clinical trials, shows that sex and race have the potential to be used for improved risk stratification of patients who are candidates for primary prevention ICD.

Outcomes Associated with Introduction of the 5th Generation High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin in Patients Presenting with Cardiovascular Disorders.

BACKGROUND: The new high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) is now widely used in the United States. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to examine outcomes associated with the introduction of the new 5th generation hs-cTnT assay among patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with cardiovascular (CV) disorders. METHODS: The study comprised 5377 patients presenting to the ED with CV disorders between January and September 2018. Outcomes included rates of direct ED discharge, cardiac testing/procedures, and mortality. CV indications for troponin testing were categorized as rule-out acute coronary syndrome (RO-ACS) and other-CV (O-CV). RESULTS: Mean age was 62 ± 17 years, and 47% were female. Demographics and medical history did not differ significantly between the troponin groups. The use of hs-cTnT was associated with increased rates of direct discharge from the ED in the RO-ACS (48% vs. 37%; p < 0.01), but not in the O-CV (25% vs. 25%) cohort. Cardiac tests/procedures were more often performed after hs-cTnT vs. cTnT testing in both cohorts (45% vs. 41% for RO-ACS, and 33% vs. 28% for O-CV; p < 0.05 for both). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that hs-cTnT was not associated with a significant increase in postdischarge mortality in both cohorts (RO-ACS: hazard ratio = 1.47 [p = 0.13], O-CV: hazard ratio = 0.97 [p = 0.87]). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with RO-ACS, hs-cTnT implementation resulted in increased rates of direct home discharge from the ED, without a significant increase in postdischarge mortality. Among patients presenting with O-CV indication, hs-cTnT implementation resulted in increased rates of cardiac testing procedures without an effect of ED discharge rates or long-term mortality.

Arrhythmic and Mortality Outcomes Among Ischemic Versus Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy Patients Receiving Primary ICD Therapy.

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to determine the association of cardiomyopathy etiology with the likelihood of ventricular arrhythmias, appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy, and mortality. BACKGROUND: There are conflicting data on the benefit of primary prevention ICD therapy in patients with ischemic versus nonischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM/NICM). METHODS: The study population comprised 4803 patients with ICM (n = 3,106) or NICM (n = 1,697) with a primary prevention ICD enrolled in 5 randomized trials conducted between 1997 and 2017. The primary end point was sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) ≥200 beats/min or ventricular fibrillation (VF). Secondary end points included appropriate ICD therapy and all-cause mortality. Differences in cause-specific mortality, including noncardiac, sudden cardiac, and non-sudden cardiac death, were also examined. RESULTS: Patients with ICM were significantly older and had more comorbid conditions, whereas those with NICM had a more advanced heart failure class at enrollment and were more often prescribed medical or cardiac resynchronization therapy for heart failure. Multivariate analysis showed that ICM versus NICM had a similar risk of VT/VF events (HR: 0.98 [95% CI: 0.79-1.20]) and appropriate ICD therapy (HR: 1.03 [95% CI: 0.87-1.22]), whereas the risk of all-cause mortality was 1.8-fold higher among ICM versus NICM patients (HR: 1.84 [95% CI: 1.42-2.38]), dominated by non-sudden cardiac mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Combined data from 5 landmark ICD clinical trials show that ICM patients experience a similar risk of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmic events but have an increased risk of all-cause mortality, dominated by non-sudden cardiac death, compared with NICM patients.

Outcomes associated with the high sensitivity cardiac troponin testing in patients presenting with non-cardiovascular disorders.

There are limited data regarding the utility of troponin testing in patients presenting with non-cardiovascular (CV) symptoms as the primary manifestation. The study population comprised 2057 patients who presented to the emergency department (ED) of a US healthcare system with non-CV symptoms as the primary manifestation between January and September 2018. We compared the effect of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) (n = 901) after its introduction vs. 4th generation cTnT (n = 1156) on the following outcomes measures: ED length of stay (LOS), coronary tests/procedures (angiography or stress test), and long-term mortality. Mean age was 64 ± 17 yrs., and 47% were female. Primary non-CV manifestations included pneumonia, obstructive pulmonary disease, infection, abdominal-complaint, and renal failure. Mean follow up was 9 ± 4 months. Patients' demographics and medical history were clinically similar between the two troponin groups. A second cTn test was obtained more frequently in the hs-cTnT than cTnT (84% vs. 32%; p < 0.001), possibly leading to a longer ED stay (8.1 ± 8.2 h vs 5.6 ± 3.4 h, respectively; p < 0.001). Coronary tests/procedures were performed at a significantly higher rate in the hs-cTnT than cTnT following the introduction of the hs-cTnT test (28% vs. 22%, p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that following the introduction of hs-cTnT testing, there was a significant 27% lower risk of long-term mortality from ED admission through follow-up (HR = 0.73, 95%CI 0.54-0.98; p = 0.035). In conclusion, we show that in patients presenting primarily with non-CV disorders, the implementation of the hs-cTnT was associated with a higher rate of diagnostic coronary procedures/interventions, possibly leading to improved long-term survival rates.

Risk Prediction in Women With Congenital Long QT Syndrome.

Background We aimed to provide personalized risk estimates for cardiac events (CEs) and life-threatening events in women with either type 1 or type 2 long QT. Methods and Results The prognostic model was derived from the Rochester Long QT Syndrome Registry, comprising 767 women with type 1 long QT (n=404) and type 2 long QT (n=363) from age 15 through 60 years. The risk prediction model included the following variables: genotype/mutation location, QTc-specific thresholds, history of syncope, and ß-blocker therapy. A model was developed with the end point of CEs (syncope, aborted cardiac arrest, or long QT syndrome-related sudden cardiac death), and was applied with the end point of life-threatening events (aborted cardiac arrest, sudden cardiac death, or appropriate defibrillator shocks). External validation was performed with data from the Mayo Clinic Genetic Heart Rhythm Clinic (N=467; type 1 long QT [n=286] and type 2 long QT [n=181]). The cumulative follow-up duration among the 767 enrolled women was 22 243 patient-years, during which 323 patients (42%) experienced ≥1 CE. Based on genotype-phenotype data, we identified 3 risk groups with 10-year projected rates of CEs ranging from 15%, 29%, to 51%. The corresponding 10-year projected rates of life-threatening events were 2%, 5%, and 14%. C statistics for the prediction model for the 2 respective end points were 0.68 (95% CI 0.65-0.71) and 0.71 (95% CI 0.66-0.76). Corresponding C statistics for the model in the external validation Mayo Clinic cohort were 0.65 (95% CI 0.60-0.70) and 0.77 (95% CI 0.70-0.84). Conclusions This is the first risk prediction model that provides absolute risk estimates for CEs and life-threatening events in women with type 1 or type 2 long QT based on personalized genotype-phenotype data. The projected risk estimates can be used to guide female-specific management in long QT syndrome.

Effect of intervention timing on one-year mortality in elderly non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients.

BACKGROUND: The best timing for early invasive therapy in non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) patients remains controversial. We sought to determine the optimal timing of early catheterization in order to improve long-term outcomes in elderly (>65 years old) patients with NSTEMI. METHODS: Using data from the CRUSADE registry linked to Medicare claims, we evaluated the association of early catheterization within the first 24 h or earlier time cut-points of NSTEMI presentation with long-term mortality among older Medicare beneficiaries. RESULTS: Of 15 575 NSTEMI patients from 398 CRUSADE hospitals (2003-2006), 3880 (24.9%) received early (≤12 h) catheterization. Compared with those undergoing later catheterization, patients treated early were younger and had less comorbid illness. Relative to those treated later, patients receiving early catheterization had similar 1-year all-cause mortality (11.8% vs 11.9%, P = 0.90). Using on- vs off-hour presentation as an instrumental variable, balancing potential measured and unmeasured confounders, early and later catheterization patients had nonsignificant differences in 1-year mortality (+5.6% [-11.5%, +22.7%]). Similar results were observed in clinically relevant subgroups, such as age (< or ≥75 years), gender, diabetes status, Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events score (< or ≥140), presence of heart failure, and sensitivity analyses of alternative definitions of early catheterization (≤6 and ≤24 h). CONCLUSIONS: Among older NSTEMI patients, we found that <24 h or earlier (neither <6 nor 12 h) of catheterization timing were not significantly associated with differences in long-term mortality.

Risk of arrhythmic events after alcohol septal ablation for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy using continuous implantable cardiac monitoring.

BACKGROUND: Alcohol septal ablation (ASA) in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) can lead to heart rhythm disturbances including complete heart block (CHB) and atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the utility of long-term arrhythmia monitoring with an implantable cardiac monitor (ICM) after ASA. METHODS: Between February 2014 and March 2019, 56 patients with HCM undergoing ASA were enrolled in a prospective study and underwent ICM implantation. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to assess the rate of ICM-detected arrhythmic events. RESULTS: The mean age was 59 ± 11 years, and 20 (36%) were women. The median (25th, 75th percentile) resting left ventricular outflow tract gradient obtained by echocardiography was 43 (22, 81) mm Hg. Greater than 1 septal perforating artery was injected in 48 patients (86%). The Kaplan-Meier cumulative rate of ICM-detected arrhythmic events at 18 months of follow-up was 71%, with an event rate of 43% occurring within 3 months of ASA. The cumulative rate of the ICM-detected first atrial fibrillation event at 18 months was 37%, and the corresponding rate of CHB was 19%. All atrial fibrillation and CHB events were actionable, leading to the initiation of anticoagulation and pacemaker implantation, respectively. No baseline demographic or procedural variables were identified as independent predictors of an increased risk of developing ICM-detected arrhythmic events. CONCLUSION: After ASA, ICM is effective in capturing clinically actionable arrhythmic events in patients with HCM regardless of patient's baseline risk factors.

Association between intensive care unit utilization for patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and patient experience.

Routine intensive care unit (ICU) utilization for patients with initially stable non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction is not associated with improved short- or long-term patient outcomes; however, the association with patient experience has not been reported. Using Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems patient survey data linked to ICU use data from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry, we found no association between hospital-level ICU utilization and metrics of patient experience, including communication, staff responsiveness, and overall satisfaction.

Association Between Intensive Care Unit Usage and Long-Term Medication Adherence, Mortality, and Readmission Among Initially Stable Patients With Non-ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction.

Background Hospitals in the United States vary in their use of intensive care units (ICUs) for hemodynamically stable patients with non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). The association between ICU use and long-term outcomes after NSTEMI is unknown. Methods and Results Using data from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry linked to Medicare claims, we identified 65 256 NSTEMI patients aged ≥ 65 years without cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest on presentation between 2011 and 2014. We compared 1-year medication non-adherence, cardiovascular readmission, and mortality across hospitals by ICU use using multivariable regression models. Among 520 hospitals, 154 (29.6%) were high ICU users (>70% of stable NSTEMI patients admitted to ICU), 270 (51.9%) were intermediate (30%-70%), and 196 (37.7%) were low (<30%). Compared with low ICU usage hospitals, no differences were observed in the risks of 1-year medication non-adherence (adjusted odds ratio 1.08, 95% CI, 0.97-1.21), mortality (adjusted hazard ratio 1.06, 95% CI, 0.98-1.15), and cardiovascular readmission (adjusted hazard ratio 0.99, 95% CI, 0.95-1.04) at high usage hospitals. Patients hospitalized at intermediate ICU usage hospitals had lower rates of evidence-based therapy and diagnostic catheterization within 24 hours of hospital arrival, and higher risks of 1-year mortality (adjusted hazard ratio 1.07, 95% CI, 1.02-1.12) and medication non-adherence (adjusted odds ratio 1.09, 95% CI, 1.02-1.15) compared with low ICU usage hospitals. Conclusions Routine ICU use is unlikely to be beneficial for hemodynamically stable NSTEMI patients; medication adherence, long-term mortality, and cardiovascular readmission did not differ for high ICU usage hospitals compared with hospitals with low ICU usage rates.

Readmissions After Acute Myocardial Infarction: How Often Do Patients Return to the Discharging Hospital?

Background When patients require readmission after a recent myocardial infarction (MI), returning to the discharging (index) hospital may be associated with better outcomes as a result of greater continuity in care. However, little evidence exists to answer this frequent patient question. Methods and Results Among Medicare patients aged ≥65 years discharged home alive post-MI from 491 US hospitals in the ACTION (Acute Coronary Treatment Intervention Outcomes Network) Registry, we compared reason for readmission, duration of rehospitalization, and 30-day mortality between patients readmitted to the index versus nonindex hospital within 30 days of index MI discharge. Among 53 471 MI patients, 7715 (14%) were readmitted within 30 days, and most readmitted patients (73%) returned to the discharging hospital. Reason for readmission was not significantly associated with location of readmission. In multivariable modeling, the strongest factors associated with readmission to a nonindex hospital were distance from the discharging hospital, transfer-in during the index MI hospitalization, and frequency of nonindex hospital admissions in the year preceding to the index MI. Duration of rehospitalization did not differ significantly between patients readmitted to the index versus nonindex hospital (median, 4 versus 3 days; P=0.17). Mortality risk was also not significantly different between patients readmitted to the index versus nonindex hospital overall (7.4 versus 7.7%; adjusted odds ratio, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.73-1.10) and when stratified by reason for readmission (P for interaction=0.61). Conclusions Post-MI readmissions did not differ in reason for readmission, duration of rehospitalization, or associated mortality when compared between patients who returned to the discharging hospital and those who sought care elsewhere.

Association of Cognitive Impairment With Treatment and Outcomes in Older Myocardial Infarction Patients: A Report From the NCDR Chest Pain-MI Registry.

Background Little is known regarding use of cardiac therapies and clinical outcomes among older myocardial infarction (MI) patients with cognitive impairment. Methods and Results Patients ≥65 years old with MI in the NCDR (National Cardiovascular Data Registry) Chest Pain-MI Registry between January 2015 and December 2016 were categorized by presence and degree of chart-documented cognitive impairment. We evaluated whether cognitive impairment was associated with all-cause in-hospital mortality after adjusting for known prognosticators. Among 43 812 ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients, 3.9% had mild and 2.0% had moderate/severe cognitive impairment; among 90 904 non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI patients, 5.7% had mild and 2.6% had moderate/severe cognitive impairment. A statistically significant but numerically small difference in the use of primary percutaneous coronary intervention was observed between patients with STEMI with and without cognitive impairment (none, 92.1% versus mild, 92.8% versus moderate/severe, 90.4%; P=0.03); use of fibrinolysis was lower among patients with cognitive impairment (none, 40.9% versus mild, 27.4% versus moderate/severe, 24.2%; P<0.001). Compared with NSTEMI patients without cognitive impairment, rates of angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention, and coronary artery bypass grafting were significantly lower among patients with NSTEMI with mild (41%, 45%, and 70% lower, respectively) and moderate/severe cognitive impairment (71%, 74%, and 93% lower, respectively). After adjustment, compared with no cognitive impairment, presence of moderate/severe (STEMI: odds ratio, 2.2, 95% CI, 1.8-2.7; NSTEMI: odds ratio, 1.7, 95% CI, 1.4-2.0) and mild cognitive impairment (STEMI: OR, 1.3, 95% CI, 1.1-1.5; NSTEMI: odds ratio, 1.3, 95% CI, 1.2-1.5) was associated with higher in-hospital mortality. Conclusions Patients with NSTEMI with cognitive impairment are substantially less likely to receive invasive cardiac care, while patients with STEMI with cognitive impairment receive similar primary percutaneous coronary intervention but less fibrinolysis. Presence and degree of cognitive impairment was independently associated with increased in-hospital mortality. Approaching clinical decision making for older patients with MI with cognitive impairment requires further study.

Hospital participation in clinical trials for patients with acute myocardial infarction: Results from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the proportion of hospitals in the United States that offer clinical trial enrollment opportunities and how patient outcomes differ between hospitals that do and do not participate in clinical trials. METHODS: In the nationwide Chest Pain-MI registry, we described the proportion of hospitals that enrolled patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) in clinical trials from 2009 to 2014. Hospital-level adherence to every eligible MI performance measure was compared between hospitals that did and did not enroll patients in clinical trials. Using linked Medicare data, we also compared 1-year major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE: death, MI, heart failure, or stroke) among patients ≥65 years old treated at trial versus nontrial hospitals. RESULTS: Among 766 hospitals, 430 (56.1%) enrolled ≥1 MI patient in a clinical trial during the study period, but the proportion of hospitals enrolling patients in clinical trials declined from 36.8% in 2009 to 26.6% in 2014. Complete adherence to performance measures was delivered to a greater proportion of patients at trial hospitals than nontrial hospitals (72.6% vs 64.9%, P < .001; adjusted OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.03-1.12). One-year MACE rates were also lower for trial hospitals (adjusted HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.93-0.99). CONCLUSIONS: Hospitals are becoming less likely to engage in clinical trials for patients with MI. Patients admitted to hospitals that participated in clinical trials more often received guideline-adherent care and had better long-term outcomes.

Intensive Care Utilization in Stable Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Treated With Rapid Reperfusion.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to describe variability in intensive care unit (ICU) utilization for patients with uncomplicated ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), evaluate the proportion of these patients who developed in-hospital complications requiring ICU care, and assess whether ICU use patterns and complication rates vary across categories of first medical contact to device times. BACKGROUND: In the era of rapid primary percutaneous coronary intervention, ICUs may be overutilized as patients presenting with STEMI are less likely to develop complications requiring ICU care. METHODS: Using data from the Chest Pain-MI Registry linked to Medicare claims, the authors examined patterns of ICU utilization among hemodynamically stable patients with STEMI ≥65 years of age treated with uncomplicated primary percutaneous coronary intervention, stratified by timing of reperfusion: early (first medical contact-to-device time ≤60 min), intermediate (61 to 90 min), or late (>90 min). RESULTS: Of 19,507 patients with STEMI treated at 707 hospitals, 82.3% were treated in ICUs, with a median ICU stay of 1 day (interquartile range [IQR]: 1 to 2 days). The median FMC-to-device time was 79 min (IQR: 63 to 99 min); 22.0% of patients had early, 44.8% intermediate, and 33.2% late reperfusion. ICU utilization rates did not differ between patients with early, intermediate, and late reperfusion times (82%, 83%, and 82%; p for trend = 0.44). Overall, 3,159 patients (16.2%) developed complications requiring ICU care while hospitalized: 3.7% died, 3.7% had cardiac arrest, 8.7% shock, 0.9% stroke, 4.1% high-grade atrioventricular block requiring treatment, and 5.7% respiratory failure. Patients with longer FMC-to-device times were more likely to develop at least 1 of these complications (early 13.4%, intermediate 15.7%, and late 18.7%; p for trend <0.001; adjusted odds ratio [early as reference] for intermediate: 1.13 [95% confidence interval: 1.01 to 1.25]; adjusted odds ratio for late: 1.22 [95% confidence interval: 1.08 to 1.37]). CONCLUSIONS: Although >80% of stable patients with STEMI are treated in the ICU after primary percutaneous coronary intervention, the risk for developing a complication requiring ICU care is 16%. Implementing a risk-based triage strategy, inclusive of factors such as degree of reperfusion delay, could optimize ICU utilization for patients with STEMI.

In-Hospital Bleeding Outcomes of Myocardial Infarction in the Era of Warfarin and Direct Oral Anticoagulants for Atrial Fibrillation in the United States: A Report From the National Cardiovascular Data Registry Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network Registry.

Background We sought to examine patient characteristics, peri-infarction invasive and pharmacologic management, and in-hospital major bleeding in myocardial infarction patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter, based on home anticoagulant use. Methods and Results We stratified patients by home anticoagulant: (1) no anticoagulant, (2) warfarin, and (3) direct oral anticoagulants ( DOAC s) among ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction ( STEMI ) and non-STEMI (NSTEMI) patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter treated at 761 US hospitals in the ACTION (Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network) Registry from January 2015 to December 2016. The primary outcome of our study was in-hospital major bleeding. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the independent association between home anticoagulant and in-hospital major bleeding. Among 6471 STEMI patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter, 15.7% were on warfarin and 13.0% on DOAC s; among 19 954 NSTEMI patients, 22.8% were on warfarin and 15.4% on DOAC s. In STEMI , door-to-balloon times were slightly higher in those on anticoagulant, with similar rates of angiography within 24 hours in the 3 groups. NSTEMI patients on anticoagulant were less likely to undergo angiography (49.3% no anticoagulant, 33.4% on warfarin, 36.4% on DOAC s; P<0.01) or percutaneous coronary intervention within 24 hours (21.1% no anticoagulant, 14.3% on warfarin, 15.9% on DOAC s; P<0.01). After multivariate adjustment, use of home warfarin (odds ratio: 1.00 [95% CI , 0.79-1.27] in STEMI and 1.13 [95% CI , 0.97-1.30] in NSTEMI ) or DOAC (odds ratio: 0.93 [95% CI , 0.73-1.20] in STEMI and 0.97 [95% CI , 0.81-1.16] in NSTEMI ) was not associated with increased in-hospital major bleeding compared with no anticoagulant. Conclusions In routine clinical practice, home warfarin or DOAC therapy is not associated with an increased risk of in-hospital bleeding compared with no anticoagulant.

Association of acute myocardial infarction cardiac arrest patient volume and in-hospital mortality in the United States: Insights from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry Acute Coronary Treatment And Intervention Outcomes Network Registry.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about how differences in out of hospital cardiac arrest patient volume affect in-hospital myocardial infarction (MI) mortality. HYPOTHESIS: Hospitals accepting cardiac arrest transfers will have increased hospital MI mortality. METHODS: MI patients (ST elevation MI [STEMI] and non-ST elevation MI [NSTEMI]) in the Acute Coronary Treatment Intervention Outcomes Network Registry were included. Hospital variation of cardiac arrest and temporal trend of the proportion of cardiac arrest MI patients were explored. Hospitals were divided into tertiles based on the proportion of cardiac arrest MI patients, and association between in-hospital mortality and hospital tertiles of cardiac arrest was compared using logistic regression adjusting for case mix. RESULTS: A total of 252 882 patients from 224 hospitals were included, of whom 9682 (3.8%) had cardiac arrest (1.6% of NSTEMI and 7.5% of STEMI patients). The proportion of MI patients who had cardiac arrest admitted to each hospital was relatively low (median 3.7% [25th, 75th percentiles: 3.0%, 4.5%]).with a range of 4.2% to 12.4% in the high-volume tertiles. Unadjusted in-hospital mortality increased with tertile: low 3.8%, intermediate 4.6%, and high 4.7% (P < 0.001); this was no longer significantly different after adjustment (intermediate vs high tertile odds ratio (OR) = 1.02; 95% confidence interval [0.90-1.16], low vs high tertile OR = 0.93 [0.83, 1.05]). CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of MI patients who have cardiac arrest is low. In-hospital mortality among all MI patients did not differ significantly between hospitals that had increased proportions of cardiac arrest MI patients. For most hospitals, overall MI mortality is unlikely to be adversely affected by treating cardiac arrest patients with MI.

Patterns of use of targeted temperature management for acute myocardial infarction patients following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: Insights from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry.

Contemporary utilization patterns for targeted temperature management (TTM) among patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) have not been well characterized in the United States. In this nationwide evaluation of MI patients with OHCA (01/2015-03/2016; 691 hospitals), 34.1% (1792/5260) of OHCA patients received TTM. Patients who were treated with TTM had higher risk clinical features. A wide inter-hospital variation (ranging from 0% to 82%) in TTM use observed despite few differences in case mix.

The Association of Frailty With In-Hospital Bleeding Among Older Adults With Acute Myocardial Infarction: Insights From the ACTION Registry.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine whether frailty is associated with increased bleeding risk in the setting of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). BACKGROUND: Frailty is a common syndrome in older adults. METHODS: Frailty was examined among AMI patients ≥65 years of age treated at 775 U.S. hospitals participating in the ACTION (Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network) Registry from January 2015 to December 2016. Frailty was classified on the basis of impairments in 3 domains: walking (unassisted, assisted, wheelchair/nonambulatory), cognition (normal, mildly impaired, moderately/severely impaired), and activities of daily living. Impairment in each domain was scored as 0, 1, or 2, and a summary variable consisting of 3 categories was then created: 0 (fit/well), 1 to 2 (vulnerable/mild frailty), and 3 to 6 (moderate-to-severe frailty). Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the independent association between frailty and bleeding. RESULTS: Among 129,330 AMI patients, 16.4% had any frailty. Frail patients were older, more often female, and were less likely to undergo cardiac catheterization. Major bleeding increased across categories of frailty (fit/well 6.5%; vulnerable/mild frailty 9.4%; moderate-to-severe frailty 9.9%; p < 0.001). Among patients who underwent catheterization, both frailty categories were independently associated with bleeding risk compared with the non-frail group (vulnerable/mild frailty adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 1.33, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.23 to 1.44; moderate-to-severe frailty adjusted OR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.24 to 1.58). Among patients managed conservatively, there was no association of frailty with bleeding (vulnerable/mild frailty adjusted OR: 1.01, 95% CI: 0.86 to 1.19; moderate-to-severe frailty adjusted OR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.81 to 1.14). CONCLUSIONS: Frail patients had lower use of cardiac catheterization and higher risk of major bleeding (when catheterization was performed) than nonfrail patients, making attention to clinical strategies to avoid bleeding imperative in this population.

Advanced Practice Provider Versus Physician-Only Outpatient Follow-Up After Acute Myocardial Infarction.

Background Physician shortages and reimbursement changes have led to greater use of advanced practice providers ( APP s). Prevalence of and outcomes associated with APP care following myocardial infarction are unknown. Methods and Results We examined outpatient cardiology or primary care visits within 90 days post-myocardial infarction among 29 477 Medicare-insured patients aged ≥65 years from 364 hospitals in Acute Coronary Treatment Intervention Outcomes Network Registry. We compared medication adherence, all-cause readmission risk, mortality, and major adverse cardiovascular events between patients seen by APP s versus physicians only. Overall, 11% of myocardial infarction patients were treated by an APP . Patients seen by APP s were more likely to have diabetes mellitus (37% versus 33%) and heart failure (20% versus 16%), be discharged to a nursing facility (21% versus 13%) and had more outpatient visits within 90 days post-discharge (median 6 versus 5, P<0.01 for all) than those seen by physicians only. Adherence to evidence-based medications (adjusted odds ratio, 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.89-1.08) and readmission risks (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.11; 95% confidence interval, 0.99-1.26) were similar between patients seen by APP s versus physicians only. Risks of 90-day mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.18; 95% confidence interval, 0.98-1.42) and major adverse cardiovascular events (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.06; 95% confidence interval, 0.90-1.23) were also similar between patients seen by APP s versus physicians only. Conclusions APP s were likely used to provide more frequent monitoring of high-risk post- MI patients. Medication adherence, readmission risk, mortality, and major adverse cardiovascular events did not differ substantially between patients seen by physician- APP teams than those seen by physicians only.