ABSTRACT
Potato aucuba mosaic virus (PAMV), a positive single-strand RNA virus, has one of the longest genomes of the viruses in the genus Potexvirus. In 2019, potato samples with mottle and crinkling symptoms from Huzhou, Zhejiang province, China, were identified to be infected with PAMV, potato virus X (PVX), and potato virus Y (PVY) by transcriptome sequencing. To study the effects of single infection by PAMV, the full-length sequence of PAMV from Huzhou (MT193476) was determined and an infectious full-length cDNA clone was constructed. This cDNA clone was infectious by agro-infiltration, leading to systemic symptoms in Nicotiana benthamiana, tomato, pepper, and potato.
Subject(s)
Potexvirus/genetics , Potexvirus/pathogenicity , Cloning, Molecular , DNA, Complementary , Genome, Viral/genetics , Phylogeny , Plant Diseases/virology , Plants/classification , Plants/virology , Potexvirus/classification , Potexvirus/isolation & purification , RNA, Viral/genetics , Reverse Genetics , Solanum tuberosum/virologyABSTRACT
The apoplast is the extracellular space for signalling, nutrient transport, and plant-microbe interactions, but little is known about how plant viruses use the foliar apoplast. Proteomic analysis of the apoplasts isolated from potato virus X (PVX)-infected Nicotiana benthamiana plants showed that the coat protein (CP) is the dominant viral component. The presence of the CP in the apoplast was confirmed by western blot, viral nucleic acid was detected by reverse transcription-PCR and northern blot, and viral particles were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The apoplast from infected leaves was infectious if rubbed onto healthy leaves but not when infiltrated into them. The exosomes were separated from the apoplast fluid by high-speed centrifugation and TEM showed that PVX particles were not associated with the exosomes. These results suggest that PVX virions are released to the N. benthamiana apoplast in a one-way manner and do not share the bidirectional transport of exosomes.
Subject(s)
Capsid Proteins/metabolism , Nicotiana/virology , Plant Diseases/virology , Potexvirus/isolation & purification , Capsid Proteins/genetics , Plant Leaves/virology , Potexvirus/ultrastructure , Proteomics , Virion/ultrastructureABSTRACT
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were synthesized by a facile and green pyrolysis method. The as-prepared CQDs show wide light absorption, tunable downconversion photoluminescence (PL) properties and excellent "upconversion" luminescence properties. CQDs were used to design the TiO2/CdS/C photoelectrodes for photoelectrochemical hydrogen evolution. The role of the CQDs was investigated based on the TiO2/CdS/C photoelectrodes. The results reveal that CQDs can enhance light-harvesting efficiency and improve their charge separation and transfer properties when coupled with conventional QD-sensitized photoelectrodes. Nevertheless, the contribution of "upconversion" luminescence of CQDs to the enhanced photoelectrochemical performance is negligible.
