ABSTRACT
Lycopene is a highly potent antioxidant that is prevalent among dietary carotenoids. However, its use in food formulations is restricted due to its poor water-solubility and proneness to oxidation. The aim of this research was to encapsulate lycopene in yogurt using emulsion technology for improving its stability during processing and storage, in order to diversify a widely consumed food product and enhance its nutritional value. Confocal laser microscopy data showed that the incorporation of oil droplets with emulsification did not have a negative effect on the formation and microstructure of yogurt. Syneresis of lycopene-fortified yogurt samples was approximately twice as high compared with plain yogurt at day 7; the ability to retain water was significantly improved with storage time for all emulsified samples. Additionally, storage reduced the Turbiscan Stability Indices (TSI) for all yogurt samples, which suggests that physical stability improved at 4 °C. Emulsification resulted in increased oxidation levels due to increased oil content. This effect was ameliorated by lycopene encapsulation, which effectively protected corn oil from oxidation and prevented degradation. This study indicates that emulsification is a promising method for lycopene encapsulation and can be used for developing yogurt with desirable nutritional properties.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB) might participate in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). However, the exact mechanism of polyp formation in CRSwNP remains unclear. Since the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response is closely associated with chronic inflammation, we investigated the association between ER stress and SEB in the pathogenesis of CRSwNP. DESIGN AND METHODS: Twenty-three CRSwNP patients with eosinophilic polyps (EP) or non-eosinophilic polyps (NEP) and 10 healthy subjects who were undergoing septoplasty were enrolled in this study. ER stress response was investigated using immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting. RESULTS: We show in this study that there are significantly more SEB-positive cells and higher production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the epithelial layer of EP than NEP or control tissue. Both SEB and protein A were detected strongly in tissues from patients with CRSwNP. We observed SEB induced the ER stress response in RPMI 2650 cells. GRP78 elevation by SEB was reduced by ROS scavenger pretreatment. In addition, the induction of GRP78 and p47 phox was increased significantly in EP compared with NEP or control mucosa. CONCLUSIONS: SEB may induce ER stress via ROS production in CRSwNP. Therefore, we suggest that SEB-induced ER stress may play important roles in the pathogenesis of nasal polyposis.
