Corrigendum: Efficacy and executive function of solution-focused brief therapy on adolescent depression.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1246986.].

Efficacy and executive function of solution-focused brief therapy on adolescent depression.

Objective: To investigate the efficacy and impact on executive function of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) in treating Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in adolescents. Methods: A total of 129 adolescents diagnosed with MDD were enrolled in the study. Out of these, 28 adolescents were assigned to the SFBT group, while 25 were part of the Active Control group (AC group), receiving psychodynamic psychotherapy. Executive function, depressive and anxiety symptoms were assessed at baseline, at the time of the third intervention, the sixth intervention, and the 10th intervention. Results: After the third intervention, the scores of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) of the participants in the SFBT group decreased significantly, which had the cumulative effect at the 6th and 10th interventions. The verbal fluency task (VFT) performances of the SFBT group participants yielded significantly higher scores after the third intervention and remained increasing at the 6th and 10th interventions. The AC group steadily decreased after the intervention. Analysis of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) data revealed a progressive and significant increase in the average oxyhemoglobin (oxy-Hb) levels in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in the SFBT group compared to the AC group after the 10th intervention. Conclusions: SFBT might improve depressive and anxiety symptoms as well as executive function of adolescent depression. Clinical trial registration: https://www.chictr.org.cn, identifier ChiCTR2300067909.

Early Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined With Sertraline in Adolescents With First-Episode Major Depressive Disorder.

Background: Adolescence is a period of high incidence for depression. However, there is a limited treatment option for the adolescent depression. For treatment-resistant major depressive disorder, HF-rTMS of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) appears therapeutically effective. The aim of the study is to explore the early effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in combination with sertraline in adolescents with first-episode major depressive disorder. Methods: A total of 100 teenage patients with first-episode depression were randomly divided into the study groups. Both groups were treated with sertraline. In addition, the study group was treated with ten sessions of add-on rTMS. The control group was given sertraline only. The depressive symptom and cognitive function were assessed by the Hamilton depression rating scale 17 version (HAMD-17), Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R), Integrated visual and auditory continuous performance test (IVA-CPT), and THINC-it. Results: The number of early improvers after 2 weeks of treatment in the study group was statistically significant higher compared to the control group (95.83% vs 73.47%, χ2 = 9.277, P = 0.002). There was significant difference observed in responder rates (62.50% vs. 28.57%, χ2 = 11.262, P = 0.001) or in remission rates (31.25% vs. 6.12%, χ2 = 10.130, P = 0.001) between the two groups at 4 weeks. The score of HAMD-17 and CDRS-R in the study group were significantly lower than the control group (Fgroup = 12.91 vs 10.21, P < 0.05). Attention Quotient (listening, visual and full-scale) attention quotient of IVA-CPT in the study group were higher than those in the control group after treatment, and the differences were statistically significant(P < 0.05). The study group showed higher score in Spotter than the control group after treatment (P < 0.05). Discussion: This is the most extensive blinded, randomized clinical study to date examining the efficacy of 10-Hz add-on rTMS for first-onset adolescent depression. Our results support that add-on rTMS accelerates the efficacy of the antidepressants, improving the depressive symptoms and cold cognitive function in first-episode adolescent depression. Clinical Trial Registration: [www.ClinicalTrials.gov], identifier [ChiCTR2100048534].

Psychometric Assessment of the Chinese Version of the Indian Vision Functioning Questionnaire Based on the Method of Successive Dichotomizations.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess whether a Chinese translated version of the 33-item Indian Vision Function Questionnaire (IND-VFQ-33) forms a valid measurement scale and to evaluate its psychometric properties based on the method of successive dichotomizations (MSD). Methods: The English version of the IND-VFQ-33 was translated, back translated, and cross-culturally adapted for use in China. It was interviewer administered to patients with cataracts. MSD, a polytomous Rasch model that estimates ordered thresholds, was used to assess and optimize psychometric properties of the overall scale and three subscales separately. Results: One hundred and seventy-nine patients provided complete responses. After the removal of 2 misfitting items, a revised 31-item overall scale demonstrated adequate precision (person reliability [PR] = 0.92) and no misfitting items. The general functioning subscale fit the MSD model well after removing two misfitting items. The psychosocial impact subscale and the visual symptoms subscale were not considered further due to poor measurement precision. After addressing psychometric deficiencies, a 31-item overall scale (IND-VFQ-31-CN) and a 19-item general functioning subscale (IND-VFQ-GF-19-CN) were developed. Conclusions: The original IND-VFQ-33 required re-engineering to form valid measures for use in China. The revised overall scale and general functioning subscale demonstrated adequate MSD based psychometric properties. Translational Relevance: The revised IND-VFQ-33 is a valid patient-reported outcome assessment for Chinese patients with cataract based on MSD analysis.

Effect of orthokeratology on precision and agreement assessment of a new swept-source optical coherence tomography biometer.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the effect of orthokeratology on precision of measurements in children using a new swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) optical biometer (OA-2000), and agreement between its measurements and those provided by the commonly used IOLMaster based on partial coherence interferometry (PCI). METHODS: This study recruited fifty-one eyes of 51 normal children (8-16 years). An operator took measurements with the two biometers. Then, a second operator took measurements with the SS-OCT biometer. After orthokeratology was performed for one month, the same operators repeated the same procedures. Axial length (AL), mean keratometry (Km) at 2.5 mm and 3.0 mm diameters (Km2.5 and Km3.0), central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT) and corneal diameter (CD) were analyzed. RESULTS: With the SS-OCT optical biometer, the test-retest repeatability of AL measurements was < 0.06 mm. For all parameters, the coefficients of variation were < 1.23% and the intraclass correlation coefficients were > 0.95. The 95% limits of agreement of difference between the two devices for CD parameter were up to 1.53 mm. After orthokeratology, the fluctuation ranges of difference for Km3.0 measurement was 1.11 times higher than before orthokeratology, while the absolute values of difference for AL, Km2.5, ACD and CD measurements were comparable. CONCLUSIONS: Before and after orthokeratology, the SS-OCT biometer showed high repeatability and reproducibility for all measurements. Wearing orthokeratology contact lenses affected the agreement between SS-OCT and PCI biometers for Km3.0 measurements. The CD measurement showed poor agreement between the two devices.

Re-engineering the Hong Kong Quality of Life Questionnaire to Assess Cataract Surgery Outcomes.

PURPOSE: To assess psychometric properties of the Hong Kong Quality of Life Questionnaire (HKQ) using Rasch analysis and use it to assess cataract surgery outcomes. METHODS: The HKQ was interviewer administered to participants at baseline (preoperative) and 12 months of follow-up (postoperative). Rasch analysis was used to assess and improve psychometric properties of the HKQ using the preoperative data. The responsiveness of the HKQ was assessed on the stacked preoperative and postoperative data, reported with the effect size. RESULTS: One hundred ninety-nine participants (median age: 72 years; interquartile range: 65 to 78 years) with cataract completed the HKQ at the preoperative assessment. There were more women (58%) and most of the participants had bilateral cataract (83.9%). Nearly half of the participants had undergone surgery in one eye (45.2%) followed by bilateral surgery (38.7%). Psychometric assessment guided by Rasch analysis resulted into a 15-item HKQ with promising psychometric properties including adequate measurement precision (2.09), no misfitting items, near perfect targeting (-0.05), unidimensionality, and with no evidence of item bias. For those who completed the HKQ (n = 82, 41.2%) at the 12-month follow-up visit, all groups demonstrated statistically significant gains in the HKQ scores, with the highest gain in participants who had undergone bilateral surgery (effect size: 2.61). CONCLUSIONS: The 15-item HKQ was valid and psychometrically sound and might be a highly responsive instrument to measure cataract surgery outcomes in China. This study demonstrated that cataract surgery significantly improves quality of life in the Chinese population. [J Refract Surg. 2018;34(6):413-418.].

Validation of an instrument to assess visual ability in children with visual impairment in China.

OBJECTIVE: To validate a visual ability instrument for school-aged children with visual impairment in China by translating, culturally adopting and Rasch scaling the Cardiff Visual Ability Questionnaire for Children (CVAQC). METHODS: The 25-item CVAQC was translated into Mandarin using a standard protocol. The translated version (CVAQC-CN) was subjected to cognitive testing to ensure a proper cultural adaptation of its content. Then, the CVAQC-CN was interviewer-administered to 114 school-aged children and young people with visual impairment. Rasch analysis was carried out to assess its psychometric properties. The correlation between the CVAQC-CN visual ability scores and clinical measure of vision (visual acuity; VA and contrast sensitivity, CS) were assessed using Spearman's r. RESULTS: Based on cultural adaptation exercise, cognitive testing, missing data and Rasch metrics-based iterative item removal, three items were removed from the original 25. The 22-item CVAQC-CN demonstrated excellent measurement precision (person separation index, 3.08), content validity (item separation, 10.09) and item reliability (0.99). Moreover, the CVAQC-CN was unidimensional and had no item bias. The person-item map indicated good targeting of item difficulty to person ability. The CVAQC-CN had moderate correlations between CS (-0.53, p<0.00001) and VA (0.726, p<0.00001), respectively, indicating its validity. CONCLUSIONS: The 22-item CVAQC-CN is a psychometrically robust and valid instrument to measure visual ability in children with visual impairment in China. The instrument can be used as a clinical and research outcome measure to assess the change in visual ability after low vision rehabilitation intervention.

Assessment of Cataract Surgery Outcome Using the Modified Catquest Short-Form Instrument in China.

PURPOSE: To assess cataract surgery outcome using the Rasch scaled Chinese version of the Catquest short-form. METHODS: The Chinese translated and culturally adapted version of the Catquest-9SF was interviewer-administered to patients, pre and post cataract surgery. Rasch analysis was performed on the baseline data to revise the Catquest. For the surgical outcome assessment, we stacked pre- and post-surgical Catquest data to demonstrate improvement in visual function scores and responsiveness of the instrument to cataract surgery. RESULTS: A total of 247 cataract patients (median age, 70 yrs; male 51.0%) completed the Catquest 9SF at baseline.The Catquest-9SF possessed adequate measurement precision of 2.15. No disordering of response categories were observed and all the items perfectly fit to the Rasch model except item 7 (outfit >1.5). A slight reduction in precision was observed after removing misfitting item 7 (Catquest-8SF-CN), but the precision value was well above the acceptable value of 2.00. Notably, the instrument was well targeted (mean person location 0.30), demonstrated no evidence of multidimensionality and DIF. At 12 months post-surgery, 74 (30%) patients came for follow-up and completed the Catquest. There was a significant improvement in the Catquest scores post cataract surgery with a considerably large effect size. CONCLUSION: The Catquest-8SF-CN demonstrated promising Rasch based psychometric properties and was highly responsive to cataract surgery.

Efficacy Comparison of 16 Interventions for Myopia Control in Children: A Network Meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: To determine the effectiveness of different interventions to slow down the progression of myopia in children. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to August 2014. We selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving interventions for controlling the progression of myopia in children with a treatment duration of at least 1 year for analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcomes were mean annual change in refraction (diopters/year) and mean annual change in axial length (millimeters/year). RESULTS: Thirty RCTs (involving 5422 eyes) were identified. Network meta-analysis showed that in comparison with placebo or single vision spectacle lenses, high-dose atropine (refraction change: 0.68 [0.52-0.84]; axial length change: -0.21 [-0.28 to -0.16]), moderate-dose atropine (refraction change: 0.53 [0.28-0.77]; axial length change: -0.21 [-0.32 to -0.12]), and low-dose atropine (refraction change: 0.53 [0.21-0.85]; axial length change: -0.15 [-0.25 to -0.05]) markedly slowed myopia progression. Pirenzepine (refraction change: 0.29 [0.05-0.52]; axial length change: -0.09 [-0.17 to -0.01]), orthokeratology (axial length change: -0.15 [-0.22 to -0.08]), and peripheral defocus modifying contact lenses (axial length change: -0.11 [-0.20 to -0.03]) showed moderate effects. Progressive addition spectacle lenses (refraction change: 0.14 [0.02-0.26]; axial length change: -0.04 [-0.09 to -0.01]) showed slight effects. CONCLUSIONS: This network analysis indicates that a range of interventions can significantly reduce myopia progression when compared with single vision spectacle lenses or placebo. In terms of refraction, atropine, pirenzepine, and progressive addition spectacle lenses were effective. In terms of axial length, atropine, orthokeratology, peripheral defocus modifying contact lenses, pirenzepine, and progressive addition spectacle lenses were effective. The most effective interventions were pharmacologic, that is, muscarinic antagonists such as atropine and pirenzepine. Certain specially designed contact lenses, including orthokeratology and peripheral defocus modifying contact lenses, had moderate effects, whereas specially designed spectacle lenses showed minimal effect.

Efficacy and Acceptability of Orthokeratology for Slowing Myopic Progression in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background. To evaluate the efficacy and acceptability of orthokeratology for slowing myopic progression in children with a well conducted evidence-based analysis. Design. Meta-analysis. Participants. Children from previously reported comparative studies were treated by orthokeratology versus control. Methods. A systematic literature retrieval was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and ClinicalTrials.gov. The included studies were subjected to meta-analysis using Stata version 10.1. Main Outcome Measures. Axial length change (efficacy) and dropout rates (acceptability) during 2-year follow-up. Results. Eight studies involving 769 subjects were included. At 2-year follow-up, a statistically significant difference was observed in axial length change between the orthokeratology and control groups, with a weighted mean difference (WMD) of -0.25 mm (95% CI, -0.30 to -0.21). The pooled myopic control rate declined with time, with 55, 51, 51, and 41% obtained after 6, 12, 18, and 24 months of treatment, respectively. No statistically significant difference was obtained for dropout rates between the orthokeratology and control groups at 2-year follow-up (OR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.52 to 1.22). Conclusions. Orthokeratology is effective and acceptable for slowing myopic progression in children with careful education and monitoring.

Precision and agreement of corneal power measurements obtained using a new corneal topographer OphthaTOP.

PURPOSE: To evaluate repeatability and reproducibility of anterior corneal power measurements obtained with a new corneal topographer OphthaTOP (Hummel AG, Germany) and agreement with measurements by a rotating Scheimpflug camera (Pentacam HR, Oculus, Germany) and an automated keratometer (IOLMaster, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Germany). METHODS: The right eyes of 79 healthy subjects were prospectively measured three times with all three devices. Another examiner performed three additional scans with the OphthaTOP in the same session. Within one week, the first examiner repeated the measurements using the OphthaTOP. The flat simulated keratometry (Kf), steep K (Ks), mean K (Km), J0, and J45 were noted. Repeatability and reproducibility of measurements were assessed by within-subject standard deviation (Sw), repeatability (2.77 Sw), coefficient of variation (CoV), and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Agreement between devices was assessed using 95% limits of agreement (LoA). RESULTS: Intraobserver repeatability and interobserver and intersession reproducibility of all measured parameters showed a 2.77 Sw of 0.29 diopter or less, a CoV of less than 0.24%, and an ICC of more than 0.906. Statistically significant differences (P<0.001) were found between the parameters analyzed by the three devices, except J0 and J45. The mean differences between OphthaTOP and the other two devices were small, and the 95% LoA was narrow for all results. CONCLUSIONS: The OphthaTOP showed excellent intraobserver repeatability and interobserver and intersession reproducibility of corneal power measurements. Good agreements with the other two devices in these parameters were found in healthy eyes.

Translation, cultural adaptation, and Rasch analysis of the visual function (VF-14) questionnaire.

PURPOSE: To translate, culturally adapt, and validate the original and previously validated shorter versions of the Visual Function Index (VF-14) questionnaire in a Chinese population. METHODS: The VF-14 was completed by patients with cataract. The analysis was carried out in three phases: phase I, testing whether the VF-14 and its valid shorter versions,VF-8R and VF-11R, form valid scales in Chinese settings using Rasch analysis; phase II, developing completely new Chinese versions of the VF-14; phase III, testing whether the previously validated shorter versions of the VF-14 could be applied in a Chinese population. This was tested by assessing the agreement between the new Chinese (developed in phase II) and the previously validated shorter versions of the VF-14 using Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS: A total of 456 patients (median age, 70 years; range, 40-92 years; females, 58%) completed the Chinese translated version of the VF-14. The VF-14 and the VF-11R demonstrated good Rasch based psychometric properties when a grossly misfitting item was removed. The VF-8R formed a valid scale without any modification. The scores of the VF-11R and the Chinese shorter version (VF-11RChin) showed very good agreement, with a mean difference of -0.18 logits and 95% limits of agreement between 0.11 and -0.47. CONCLUSIONS: The Chinese translated VF-14, VF-11R, and VF-8R were valid and could be applied to assess cataract outcomes in Chinese settings. The existing shorter version had good agreement with the new Chinese version, which signifies that there was no need to develop a different version of the VF-14 in China.