Analysis of Enrichment Pathway, Hub Gene, and Protein-Protein Interaction Network in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Construction of Molecular Subtypes in Peripheral Blood.

Objective: To analyze the enrichment pathway, hub gene, and Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and construct peripheral blood subtypes based on integrated bioinformatics analysis. Methods: Suitable datasets were screened from the GEO database based on titles and abstracts, batch positive analysis was performed using R language, and KEGG enrichment analysis and GO enrichment analysis were performed. After screening the differential genes, the PPI network was constructed, and the hubba plug-in of Cytoscape software was used to obtain the top 10 hub genes(key regulatory genes). hub genes were used as the typing condition to identify the molecular subtypes of synovial tissue and peripheral blood of arthritis. Results: GSE12021 and GSE93272 have been chosen for analysis. GSE12021 presents the transcriptome analysis of human joint synovial tissue, comprising 12 samples from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 9 samples from normal healthy individuals. On the other hand, GSE93272 includes human peripheral blood samples, comprising 232 samples from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 43 samples from normal healthy individuals. The main results of GSE12021 KEGG enrichment were Parathyroid hormone synthesis, Relaxin signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, Rheumatoid arthritis, T cell receptor signaling pathway, Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation, Th17 cell differentiation, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway and so on. The main results of GSE12021 GO enrichment were regulation of feeding behavior, regulation of neuron death, positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion, and positive regulation of leukocyte activation. The top 10 hub genes were CD8A, JUN, CTLA4, CD19, LCK, FOS, CCL5, IL7R, CCR7 and CD247. Synovial tissue and peripheral blood subtypes of rheumatoid arthritis showed that the two classification methods maintained consistency. Conclusion: Identifying the Hub gene in peripheral blood helps screen molecular subtypes of rheumatoid arthritis.

Effects of cervical rotatory manipulation on the cervical spinal cord complex with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the vertebral canal: A finite element study.

Background: There are few studies focusing on biomechanism of spinal cord injury according to the ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) during cervical rotatory manipulation (CRM). This study aimed to explore the biomechanical effects of CRM on the spinal cord, dura matter and nerve roots with OPLL in the cervical vertebral canal. Methods: Three validated FE models of the craniocervical spine and spinal cord complex were constructed by adding mild, moderate, and severe OPLL to the healthy FE model, respectively. We simulated the static compression of the spinal cord by OPLL and the dynamic compression during CRM in the flexion position. The stress distribution of the spinal cord complex was investigated. Results: The cervical spinal cord experienced higher von Mises stress under static compression by the severe OPLL. A higher von Mises stress was observed on the spinal cord in the moderate and severe OPLL models during CRM. The dura matter and nerve roots had a higher von Mises stress in all three models during CRM. Conclusion: The results show a high risk in performing CRM in the flexion position on patients with OPLL, in that different occupying ratios in the vertebral canal due to OPLL could significantly increase the stress on the spinal cord complex.

An unusual manifestation of asymmetric polydactyly of both feet and symmetrical polydactyly of both hands.

In the routine treatment at the hospital, it was observed that a 31-year-old Asian woman developed foot pain after work, with clinical manifestations including local tenderness, abrasion, and a rare case of polydactyly with bilateral foot asymmetry. In addition, we also found that the patient had two-handed symmetric polydactyly. According to our observations, there seem to be few similar cases reported in the past of a two-handed symmetric polydactyly combined with a feet asymmetry polydactyly in the same person, so this is a relatively rare reported case of polydactyly. This paper aims to present detailed case report and discuss related diseases in a morphological and clinical study.

Sympathetic activity is correlated with satellite cell aging and myogenesis via ß2-adrenoceptor.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Sympathetic activity plays an important role in the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells, and it changes over time, thereby exerting differential effects on various stem cell types. Aging causes sympathetic hyperactivity in aged tissues and blunts sympathetic nerves regulation, and sympathetic abnormalities play a role in aging-related diseases. Currently, the effect of sympathetic activity on skeletal muscle stem cells, namely satellite cells (SCs), is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of skeletal muscle sympathetic activity on SC aging and skeletal muscle repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To evaluate skeletal muscle and fibrotic areas, numbers of SCs and myonuclei per muscle fiber, ß2-adrenoceptor (ß2-ADR) expression, muscle repair, and sympathetic innervation in skeletal muscle, aged mice, young mice that underwent chemical sympathectomy (CS) were utilized. Mice with a tibialis anterior muscle injury were treated by barium chloride (BaCl2) and clenbuterol (CLB) in vivo. SCs or C2C12 cells were differentiated into myotubes and treated with or without CLB. Immunofluorescence, western blot, sirius red, and hematoxylin-eosin were used to evaluate SCs, myogenic repair and differentiation. RESULTS: The number of SCs, sympathetic activity, and reparability of muscle injury in aged mice were significantly decreased, compared with those in young mice. The above characteristics of young mice that underwent CS were similar to those of aged mice. While CLB promoted the repair of muscle injury in aged and CS mice and ameliorated the reduction in the SC number and sympathetic activity, the effects of CLB on the SCs and sympathetic nerves in young mice were not significant. CLB inhibited the myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells in vitro. We further found that NF-κB and ERK1/2 signaling pathways were activated during myogenic differentiation, and this process could be inhibited by CLB. CONCLUSION: Normal sympathetic activity promoted the stemness of SCs to thereby maintain a steady state. It also could maintain total and self-renewing number of SCs and maintain a quiescent state, which was correlated with skeletal SCs via ß2-ADR. Normal sympathetic activity was also beneficial for the myogenic repair of injured skeletal muscle.

A clinically relevant MRI grading system for lumbar central canal stenosis.

OBJECTIVE: To correlate lumbar spinal stenosis as graded on noncontrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with clinical symptomatology. METHODS: Five grades were developed for lumbar central canal stenosis based on compression of the dural sac and cauda equina. We studied concordance in 112 patients between the grading system and the anteroposterior diameter of spinal canal, dural sac cross-sectional area, Oswestry disability index, and the pain visual analogue scale (VAS). RESULT: Intra- and interobserver agreement was high. Although VAS was not significantly different between groups (P=.257), all other factors were significant (P≤.005). CONCLUSION: The MRI grading system reliably predicted the degree of stenosis and associated disability.

Reanalysis of generalized sensitivity factors for optical-axis perturbation in nonplanar ring resonators.

By utilizing the novel coordinate system for Gaussian beam reflection and the generalized ray matrix for spherical mirror reflection, the generalized sensitivity factors SD1, ST1, SD2 and ST2 influenced by both the radial and axial displacements of a spherical mirror in a nonplanar ring resonator have been obtained. Besides, the singular points of different kinds of non-planar ring resonators under the conditions of incident angle A ranging from 0° to 45° or total coordinate rotation angle ρ ranging from 0° to 360° have also been obtained through the analysis of the determinant of the coefficient matrix of the linear equations. The analysis in this paper is important to the cavity design of non-planar ring resonators and it could be helpful to avoid the violent movement of the optical-axis to small misalignment of the mirrors in non-planar ring resonators.

Beam position controlling method for 3D optical system and its application in non-planar ring resonators.

A novel theoretical beam position controlling method for 3D optical system has been proposed in this paper. Non-planar ring resonator, which is a typical 3D optical system, has been chosen as an example to show its application. To the best of our knowledge, the generalized ray matrices, augmented 5 × 5 ray matrices for paraxial dielectric interface transmission and paraxial optical-wedge transmission, and their detailed deducing process have been proposed in this paper for the first time. By utilizing the novel coordinate system for Gaussian beam reflection and the generalized ray matrix of paraxial optical-wedge transmission, the rules and some novel results of the optical-axis perturbations of non-planar ring resonators have been obtained. Wedge angle-induced mismatching errors of non-planar ring resonators have been found out and two experimental beam position controlling methods to effectively eliminate the wedge angle-induced mismatching errors have been proposed. All those results have been confirmed by related alignment experiments and the experimental results have been described with diagrammatic representation. These findings are important to the beam control, cavity design, and cavity alignment of high precision non-planar ring laser gyroscopes. Those generalized ray matrices and their deducing methods are valuable for ray analysis of various kinds of paraxial optical-elements and resonators. This novel theoretical beam position controlling method for 3D optical system is valuable for the controlling of various kinds of 3D optical systems.

Novel coordinate system for Gaussian beam reflection.

A novel coordinate system for Gaussian beam reflection has been proposed in this Letter. Reflection from a spherical mirror is used to describe the novel coordinate system. One single segment of a general resonator is chosen to describe coordinate rotation in detail. Nonplanar ring resonators are chosen to show the application of the novel coordinate system. This novel coordinate system has been proved by two simple experiments and the problem existing in using the traditional coordinate system has been pointed out. This novel coordinate system is valuable for not only the designing of laser resonators but also Gaussian beam propagation analysis.

Generalized ray matrix for spherical mirror reflection and its application in square ring resonators and monolithic triaxial ring resonators.

To the best of our knowledge, the generalized ray matrix, an augmented 5×5 ray matrix for a spherical mirror reflection with all the possible perturbation sources including three kinds of displacements and its detailed deducing process have been proposed in this paper for the first time. Square ring resonators and monolithic triaxial ring resonators have been chosen as examples to show its application, and some novel results of the optical-axis perturbation have been obtained. A novel method to eliminate the diaphragm mismatching error and the gain capillary mismatching error in monolithic triaxial ring resonators more effectively has also been proposed. Both those results and method have been confirmed by related experiments and the experimental results have been described with diagrammatic representation. This generalized ray matrix is valuable for ray analysis of various kinds of resonators. These results are important for the cavity design, cavity improvement and alignment of high accuracy and super high accuracy ring laser gyroscopes.