Insufficient Plasma Melatonin and Its Association With Neuropsychiatric Impairments in Patients With T2DM.

Purpose: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with multiple neuropsychiatric impairments, including cognitive dysfunction, and melatonin (MLT) plays a crucial role in maintaining normal neuropsychiatric functions. This study is aimed at investigating the change in plasma MLT levels and its association with neuropsychiatric impairments in T2DM patients. Methods: One hundred twenty-six T2DM patients were recruited, and their demographics and clinical data were collected. Apart from the plasma glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and other routine metabolic indicators, the plasma concentrations of MLT, C-reactive protein (CRP), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), soluble myeloid triggered receptor 1 (sTREM 1), and receptor 2 (sTREM 2) were measured. Moreover, the executive function and depressive tendency were evaluated via the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version (BRIEF-A) and the Epidemiological Research Center Depression Scale (CES-D), respectively. Result: Compared with the low HbA1c group, the T2DM patients in the high HbA1c group presented lower plasma MLT levels but higher plasma concentrations of inflammatory biomarker levels, together with higher scores in the BRIEF-A and CES-D scales. Moreover, results of the Pearson correlation test showed that the plasma MLT levels were negatively correlated with the BRIEF-A and CES-D scores, as well as plasma concentrations of HbA1c and inflammatory indications, indicating that MLT may mediate their neuroinflammation and neuropsychiatric impairments. Furthermore, the ROC curve results indicated that plasma MLT levels have a predictive effect on executive impairment and depressive status in T2DM patients. Conclusion: MLT levels decreased in patients with T2DM and were associated with neuropsychiatric impairments and inflammatory status, and MLT might be developed as a therapeutic agent and predictive indicator for T2DM-associated executive impairment and depression status.

Differential toxic and antiepileptic features of Vigabatrin raceme and its enantiomers.

BACKGROUND: The study aimed to investigate the potential pharmacological and toxicological differences between Vigabatrin (VGB) and its enantiomers S-VGB and R-VGB. The researchers focused on the toxic effects and antiepileptic activity of these compounds in a rat model. METHODS: The epileptic rat model was established by intraperitoneal injection of kainic acid, and the antiepileptic activity of VGB, S-VGB, and VGB was observed, focusing on the improvements in seizure latency, seizure frequency and sensory, motor, learning and memory deficits in epileptic rats, as well as the hippocampal expression of key molecular associated with synaptic plasticity and the Wnt/ß-catenin/GSK 3ß signaling pathway. The acute toxic test was carried out and the LD50 was calculated, and tretinal damages in epileptic rats were also evaluated. RESULT: The results showed that S-VGB exhibited stronger antiepileptic and neuroprotective effects with lower toxicity compared to VGB raceme. These findings suggest that S-VGB and VGB may modulate neuronal damage, glial cell activation, and synaptic plasticity related to epilepsy through the Wnt/ß-catenin/GSK 3ß signaling pathway. The study provides valuable insights into the potential differential effects of VGB enantiomers, highlighting the potential of S-VGB as an antiepileptic drug with reduced side effects. CONCLUSION: S-VGB has the highest antiepileptic effect and lowest toxicity compared to VGB and R-VGB.

Enantioselective construction of triaryl-substituted all-carbon quaternary stereocenters via organocatalytic arylation of oxindoles with azonaphthalenes.

Azonaphthalenes have been verified as a class of effective arylation reagents in a variety of asymmetric transformations. Here a highly efficient approach to construct triaryl-substituted all-carbon quaternary stereocenters through chiral phosphoric acid-catalyzed enantioselective arylation of 3-aryl-2-oxindoles with azonaphthalenes is disclosed. This chemistry is scalable and displays excellent functional group tolerance, furnishing a series of 3,3-disubstituted 2-oxindole derivatives in good yields with excellent enantiocontrol. Preliminary mechanistic data suggest that the initially formed direct addition intermediate undergoes intramolecular annulation under acidic reaction conditions.

Divergent Synthesis of Skeletally Distinct Arboridinine and Arborisidine.

A divergent synthesis of skeletally distinct arboridinine and arborisidine was achieved. The central divergent strategy was inspired by the divergent biosynthetic cyclization mode of arboridinine and arborisidine and their hidden topological connection. The branch point was reached through a Michael and Mannich cascade process. A site-selective intramolecular Mannich reaction was developed to construct the tetracyclic core of arboridinine, while a site-selective intramolecular α-amination of ketone was used to access the tetracyclic core of arborisidine. A strategic Peterson olefination through intramolecular nucleophile delivery was able to set up the exocyclic olefin of arboridinine.

Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Dankasterones†A and B and Periconiastone†A Through Radical Cyclization.

We describe herein the assembly of the cis-decalin framework through radical cyclization initiated by metal-catalyzed hydrogen atom transfer (MHAT), further applied it in the asymmetric synthesis of dankasterones A and B and periconiastone A. Position-selective C-H oxygenation allowed for installation of the necessary functionality. A radical rearrangement was adopted to create 13(14→8)abeo-8-ergostane skeleton. Interconversion of dankasterone B and periconiastone A was realized through biomimetic intramolecular aldol and retro-aldol reactions. The MHAT-based approach, serves as a new dissection means, is complementary to the conventional ways to establish cis-decalin framework.

Nucleo-Palladation-Triggering Alkene Functionalization: A Route to γ-Lactones.

An unprecedented strategy for the highly effective synthesis of γ-lactones from homoallylic alcohols was achieved by palladium catalysis in one step. The protocol affords aryl, alkyl, and spiro γ-lactones directly from readily available homoallylic alcohols in good yields with excellent functional group tolerance and high chemoselectivity under mild conditions.

Conversion of Triple Bonds into Single Bonds in a Domino Carbopalladation with Norbornene.

A domino carbopalladation reaction of haloalkynes is presented. Remarkably, the four-time carbopalladation process converts the carbon-carbon triple bonds of haloalkynes stepwise into carbon-carbon double bonds, and finally to carbon-carbon single bonds. Features of this reaction are that the carbon-carbon double bonds of stable vinyl palladium intermediates are transformed into carbon-carbon single bonds with the generation of unstable alkyl palladium intermediates. The subsequently formed π-allylpalladium species are independently trapped by N-tosylhydrazones, boronic acids, and B2 pin2 in a highly diastereoselective manner, delivering the corresponding polycyclic and twisted products with a bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-2-en-3-yl)tricyclo[3.2.1.02,4 ]octane core skeleton in moderate to good yields via C-C and C-B bond formations. Significantly, the dual roles of norbornenes, ring construction and ring expansion, and the identification of electron-rich tri(2-furyl)phosphine as the ligand are found to be critical for the success of these transformations.

Transition-Metal-Free [3+2] Cycloaddition of Dehydroaminophosphonates and N-Tosylhydrazones: Access to Aminocyclopropanephosphonates with Adjacent Quaternary-Tetrasubstituted Carbon Centers.

A novel one-step strategy for the synthesis of aminocyclopropanephosphonates containing adjacent quaternary-tetrasubstituted carbon centers under transition-metal-free catalysis via [3+2] cycloaddition process has been developed. A series of aminocyclopropanephosphonates with adjacent quaternary-tetrasubstituted carbon centers including spirocyclopropyl adducts were obtained in moderate to excellent yields under mild reaction conditions. This protocol would find the potential applications in biochemistry and medicinal chemistry.

MnO2 -Promoted Oxidative Radical Sulfonylation of Haloalkynes with Sulfonyl Hydrazides: C(sp)-S Bond Formation towards Alkynyl Sulfones.

A catalyst-free oxidative radical sulfonylation of haloalkynes with sulfonyl hydrazides is reported. It represents an example of C(sp)-S bond formation using sulfonyl hydrazides as sulfonyl radical sources. Various alkynyl sulfones were synthesized in moderate to good yields. Having MnO2 as the oxidant is very critical for this transformation. Remarkably, the self-coupling reaction of haloalkynes through C(sp)-C(sp) bond formation is significantly inhibited under the standard reaction conditions.

C[double bond, length as m-dash]N bond formation via palladium-catalyzed carbene insertion into N[double bond, length as m-dash]N bonds: inhibiting the general 1,2-migration process of ylide intermediates.

A new example of C[double bond, length as m-dash]N double bond formation in metal carbene insertion reactions is reported. Remarkably, the general 1,2-migration process of the corresponding ylide intermediates in X-H carbene insertion reactions that leads to C-X single bond formation is completely inhibited by replacing the H atom with a nitrogen atom. This palladium-catalyzed carbene insertion reaction with N[double bond, length as m-dash]N double bonds gave various N,N-disubstituted hydrazone products in high yields.

Synthesis of 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane derivatives via palladium-catalyzed cyclopropanation of maleimides with N-tosylhydrazones: practical and facile access to CP-866,087.

A palladium-catalyzed cyclopropanation of internal alkenes with N-tosylhydrazones is presented. This gram-scale cyclopropanation reaction of maleimides provides a wide spectrum of 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane derivatives in high yields and diastereoselectivities. The major diastereoisomers could be easily isolated by chromatography on silica gel. This protocol provides a practical route to the mu opioid receptor antagonist CP-866,087.

Transition-Metal-Free Diastereoselective Epoxidation of Trifluoromethylketones with N-Tosylhydrazones: Access to Tetrasubstituted Trifluoromethylated Oxiranes.

The first example of the epoxidation reaction of trifluoromethylketones with N-tosylhydrazones under transition-metal free conditions is reported. This epoxidation reaction provided tetrasubstituted trifluoromethylated oxiranes with excellent yields and diastereoselectivities. The salient features of this reaction include readily available starting materials, mild conditions, broad substrate scope, high efficiency, and valuable further applications. Remarkably, this reaction proceeded through an unprecedented nucleophilic addition process, and the ammonium O-anion intermediate was detected and characterized by NMR and HRMS analysis.

Transition-Metal-Free Cyclopropanation of 2-Aminoacrylates with N-Tosylhydrazones: A General Route to Cyclopropane α-Amino Acid with Contiguous Quaternary Carbon Centers.

Cyclopropanation of 2-aminoacrylates with N-tosylhydrazones could proceed smoothly under transition-metal-free conditions via a [3 + 2] cycloaddition process. This robust protocol exhibits excellent generality, delivering a wide spectrum of cyclopropane α-amino acid esters bearing contiguous quaternary carbon centers in high yields and diastereoselectivities. With these readily available products, the steric convergence of cyclopropane α-amino acids could be readily obtained.

Palladium-catalyzed Heck-type reaction of oximes with allylic alcohols: synthesis of pyridines and azafluorenones.

We describe herein a palladium-catalyzed Heck-type reaction of O-acetyl ketoximes and allylic alcohols to synthesise pyridines. This protocol allows the robust synthesis of pyridines and azafluorenones in good to excellent yields with tolerance of various functional groups under mild conditions. The reaction is supposed to go through an oxidative addition of oximes to palladium(0) complexes, generating an alkylideneamino-palladium(II) species, which is utilized as a key intermediate to capture the nonbiased alkenes for carbon-carbon bond formation.