Plant polysaccharides extracted by high pressure: A review on yields, physicochemical, structure properties, and bioactivities.

Polysaccharides are biologically essential macromolecules, widely exist in plants, which are used in food, medicine, bioactives' encapsulation, targeted delivery and other fields. Suitable extraction technology can not only improve the yield, but also regulate the physicochemical, improve the functional property, and is the basis for the research and application of polysaccharide. High pressure (HP) extraction (HPE) induces the breakage of raw material cells and tissues through rapid changes in pressure, increases extraction yield, reduces extraction time, and modifies structure of polysaccharides. However, thus far, literature review on the mechanism of extraction, improved yield and modified structure of HPE polysaccharide is lacking. Therefore, the present work reviews the mechanism of HPE polysaccharide, increasing extraction yield, regulating physicochemical and functional properties, modifying structure and improving activity. This review contributes to a full understanding of the HPE or development of polysaccharide production and modification methods and promotes the application of HP technology in polysaccharide production.

Comparison in structural, physicochemical and functional properties of sweet potato stems and leaves polysaccharide conjugates from different technologies.

In order to better understand the influences of extraction techniques on the yield, characteristics, and bioactivities of polysaccharide conjugates, hot reflux extraction (HRE), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), complex enzymolysis extraction (CEE), ultra-high pressure extraction (UPE), ultrasonic complex enzymes extraction (UEE) were used to extract sweet potato stems leaves polysaccharide conjugates (SPSPCs), and their physicochemical characteristics, functional properties, antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities were compared. Results showed that compared with HRE conjugate (HR-SPSPC), the yield, content of uronic acid (UAC), total phenol (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC) and sulfate group (SGC), water solubility (WS), percentage of glucuronic acid (GlcA), galacuronic acid (GalA) and galactose (Gal), antioxidant and hypoglycemia activities of UEE polysaccharide conjugates (UE-SPSPC) significant increased, while its molecular weight (Mw), degree of esterification (DE), content of protein (PC) and percentage of glucose (Glc) declined, but monosaccharides and amino acid types, and glycosyl linkages were not much different. Indeed, UE-SPSPC possessed the highest antioxidant activities and hypolipidemic activities among six SPSPCs, which might be due to the high UAC, TPC, TFC, SGC, GlcA, GalA and WS, low Mw, DE and Glc of UE-SPSPC. The results reveal that UEE is an effective extraction and modification technology of polysaccharide conjugates.

An electrochemiluminescence sensor for sensitive detection of malathion based on g-C3N4-CdTe composite nanomaterials.

A self-enhanced electrochemical luminescence (ECL) composite material g-C3N4-CdTe QDs was prepared. The combination of g-C3N4 and CdTe QDs can amplify the ECL signal and improve the stability. Based on this discovery, g-C3N4-CdTe QDs and acetylcholine esterase (AChE) were used to construct an ECL sensor for organophosphorus pesticides (OP) detection. The sensor showed a strong initial ECL signal in PBS containing S2O82-. It is because that g-C3N4 not only acts as a co-reaction promoter to amplify the ECL signal of the CdTe QDs/S2O82- system but also acts as a carrier with large specific surface area to adsorb more CdTe QDs and improve the sensitivity of the sensor. The reaction of AChE and acetylthiocholine (ATCl) was hindered by organophosphorus pesticides (OPs). The ECL signal was enhanced by the addition of OPs, and a linear relationship was displayed between the increasing value and the concentration of malathion. A good linear range from 2.52 × 10-13 to 2.52 × 10-8 mol L-1 was obtained and the limit of detection was 8.4 × 10-14 mol L-1 under optimized experimental conditions. The results indicated that the sensor had promising applications for the detection of OPs in vegetable samples.

Ultrasonic disruption effects on the extraction efficiency, characterization, and bioactivities of polysaccharides from Panax notoginseng flower.

Ultrasonic disruption extraction (UDE) and heat reflux extraction (HRE) were used to extract polysaccharides (PNFPs) from Panax notoginseng flower, and the yield, physicochemical characteristics, structural characteristics, functional properties and biological activities were evaluated and compared. Results indicated that UDE changed the above properties of PNFPs. Compared with HRE (H-PNFPs), the yields, uronic acid contents, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, water-solubility, water holding capacity, and oil holding capacity of the polysaccharides (U-PNFPs) extracted by UDE increased by 48.63%, 47.36%, 39.98%, 7.41%, 2.26%, 15.56%, and 1.34%, respectively. In comparison, the molecular weight and protein content decreased by 43.53% and 16.46%. Results demonstrate that UDE could effectively improve the physicochemical and functional properties, and bioactivities. These findings are helpful for better understanding the relationship between the physicochemical properties and bioactivities of U-PNFPs, especially U-PNFP-2 exhibited the most significant antioxidant activity, which can prevent oxidative stress, applications in food and pharmaceutical industries.

A molecule-imprinted electrochemiluminescence sensor based on self-accelerated Ru(bpy)32+@ZIF-7 for ultra-sensitive detection of procymidone.

A molecular-imprinted electrochemiluminescence sensor for procymidone (PCM) detection was reported based on Ru(bpy)32+@ZIF-7. A novel self-accelerated Ru(bpy)32+@ZIF-7 was prepared by one-step synthesis method, which exhibited high electrochemiluminescence (ECL) emission as a coreactant in the presence of tri-n-propylamine (TPrA). Concretely, ZIF-7 was not only the carrier of Ru(bpy)32+, but also the co-reaction promoter of Ru(bpy)32+/TPrA ECL system. The introduction of molecular imprint polymer (MIP) with PCM gave new characteristics of specific recognition of analyte PCM. The change value of ECL intensity (ΔI) was proportional to the logarithm of PCM concentration, with a wide linear range and a low detection limit of 1.0 × 10-10 to 1.0 × 10-6 mol L-1 and 2.0 × 10-11 mol L-1, respectively. The presented MIP-ECL sensor had high sensitivity, selectivity and stability, and had great potential in the field of food safety detection.

Effects of multi-frequency ultrasonic on the physicochemical properties and bioactivities of polysaccharides from different parts of ginseng.

The effect of multi-frequency ultrasonic extraction (MUE) on the yields, physicochemical properties, antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of polysaccharides (GPs) from different parts of ginseng were compared. Results demonstrated that yields of polysaccharides from different parts were found to vary significantly differences, in the order of roots (M-GRPs) > flowers (M-GFPs) > leaves (M-GLPs). Compared with heat reflux extraction, MUE not only increased the yield of GPs by up to 9.14%-210.87%, with higher uronic acid content (UAC: increased by 4.99%-53.48%), total phenolics content (TPC: increased by 7.60% to 42.61%), total flavonoids content (TFC: increased by 2.52%-5.45%), and lower molecular weight (Mw: reduced by 6.51%- 33.08%) and protein content (PC: reduced by 5.15%-8.95%), but also improved their functional properties and bioactivities. All six purified polysaccharides extracted by MUE were acidic pyran polysaccharide with different monosaccharide composition, possessed remarkable antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Especially, M-GFP-1 exhibited the highest bioactivities, illustrated that the activities were highly correlated with UAC and TPC, Mw, and triple helical structure. These results indicate that MUE was an efficient technique for improving yields, physicochemical and functional properties and enhancing biological activities of polysaccharide.

A molecularly imprinted electrochemiluminescence nanoprobe based on complexes consisting of CdTe and multiwall carbon nanotube for sensitive determination of clenbuterol.

An electrochemiluminescence (ECL) nanoprobe was fabricated for the determination of clenbuterol (CLB). A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) film was coated on the surface of the glassy carbon electrode modified with CdTe-doped multiwall carbon nanotubes. The MIP film with CLB as the template molecule improves the selectivity of the nanoprobe, CdTe is used as ECL signal amplifier, and MWCNT works as the carrier. The ECL intensity is altered by elution and reabsorption of CLB. The possible reaction mechanism and experimental parameters of the nanoprobe are discussed. Under optimized conditions, the quenched ECL intensity and the CLB concentration have a linear relationship in the range 2.3 × 10-9 to 1.5 × 10-5 mol·L-1, and the detection limit is 1.0 × 10-9 mol·L-1 (S/N = 3). The nanoprobe was successfully applied to the determination of CLB in pork samples. Graphical abstract Schematic representation of the molecularly imprinted electrochemiluminescence nanoprobe based on complexes consisting of CdTe and multiwall carbon nanotube used to determinate clenbuterol.

Ultrasonic disruption extraction, characterization and bioactivities of polysaccharides from wild Armillaria mellea.

An efficient ultrasonic disruption extraction (UDE) of polysaccharides from Armillariamellea (AM) were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). Under optimum conditions: ultrasonic power 915.00 W, temperature 69.27 °C and time 39.13 min, the crude polysaccharides (AMPs) yield was 19.5%. Two purified fractions AMPs-1-1 and AMPs-2-1 were obtained through anion-exchange and gel chromatography. AMPs-1-1 was a heteropolysaccharide with average molecular weights of 1.23 × 105 Da, and composed of Glc, Gal and GlcA with mole percentages of 89.06%, 9.59% and 1.34%, respectively, owning a backbone structure of (1→)-ß-d-Glcp, (1 â†’ 3,6)-α-d-Glcp and (1 â†’ 3)-ß-d-Glcp residues. AMPs-2-1 was a heteropolysaccharide with average molecular weights of 6.76 × 104 Da, and composed of Glc, Gal, GlcA and Man with mole percentages of 65.28%, 22.87%, 2.87% and 8.98%, containing a main backbone chain of (1 â†’ 3,6)-α-d-Glcp and (1 â†’ 6)-ß-d-Glcp residues. AMPs-2-1 possessed obviously antioxidant activities in terms of stronger scavenging activity against DPPH· and ABTS+⋅, higher FRAP and ORAC value than AMPs-1-1. AMPs-2-1 could promote splenocyte lymphocytes and RAW264.7 macrophages proliferation and enhanced the phagocytosis of macrophages, exhibited significant immunomodulatory activities. These results suggested that UDE is an effective extract technology, and AMPs-2-1 could be explored as potential natural antioxidants and immunomodulatory agents.

Optimization extraction, characterization and antioxidant activities of pectic polysaccharide from tangerine peels.

Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) process of pectic polysaccharide (TPPs) from tangerines peel. The optimal extraction conditions were as follows: microwave power 704 W, extraction temperature 52.2 °C, and extraction time 41.8 min Under these conditions, the experimental yield was 19.9 ± 0.2%. The purified pectic polysaccharide TPPs-2-1 was successfully obtained by anion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography. TPPs-2-1, linked mainly by α-glycosidic bonds, consisted of galacturonic acid (GalA), arabinose (Ara), galactose (Gal), rhamnose (Rha), glucose (Glc) and mannose (Man) with the average molecular weight of 17.8 kDa, and had typical IR spectra characteristic of pectic polysaccharides. Antioxidant activities were investigated on the basis of ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), hydroxyl radical (OH), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and superoxide radical (O2(-)) scavenging assay. TPPs-2-1 exhibited significant antioxidant activity in a concentration-dependent manner and might be exploited as effective natural antioxidant applied in functional food and medicine.

Extraction optimization, preliminary characterization and immunological activity of polysaccharides from figs.

Complex enzyme extraction (CEE), purification, characterization of fig polysaccharides (FPs) from dried figs were investigated. Orthogonal experiment was used to optimize the concentration of cellulose, pectinase and papain. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize extraction conditions. The optimum extraction conditions were: enzyme concentration of 1.5%, 1.5%, 0.5% (wt%) of pectinase, papain, cellulose, ratio of water to raw material 40.3 mL/g, extraction time 54.1 min, temperature 34.15 °C and pH 3.8. Under these conditions, the experimental yield was 7.98 ± 0.17%. Two homogeneous heteropolysaccharides (FPs-1-1, FPs-2-1) were purified by DEAE-Sepharose and Sephadex G-200 chromatography, which were composed of rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose and galactose with molecular weight of 1.52 × 10(6) and 4.75 × 10(5)Da, respectively. The bioactivity assay showed that FPs-1-1 and FPs-2-1 could more significantly enhance splenic lymphocyte proliferation, phagocytosis and NO production of macrophages, could be explored as potential immunopotentiating agent for use in functional food or medicine.

Poly[diaqua-bis-{µ-5-[4-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)phen-yl]tetra-zolato}copper(II)].

In the title compound, [Cu(C(11)H(9)N(6))(2)(H(2)O)(2)](n), the Cu(II) atom lies on an inversion center and is coordinated by four N atoms from four 5-[4-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)phen-yl]tetra-zolate ligands and two water mol-ecules in a distorted octa-hedral geometry. The ligands bridge the Cu(II) atoms, leading to the formation of a two-dimensional network parallel to (100). The structure is further stabilized by O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds within the network.

Optimization of ultrasonic extraction process of polysaccharides from Ornithogalum Caudatum Ait and evaluation of its biological activities.

Ultrasonic extraction technique (UET) was used to extract crude polysaccharides (OCAP) from Ornithogalum Caudatum Ait (OCA), an orthogonal experiment (L(9) (3)(4)) was applied to optimize extraction conditions. Membrane separation technology and gel filtration chromatography were used to fractionate OCAP, the antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities were evaluated by radical scavenging and spleen lymphocyte proliferation assay. The optimal conditions were determined: extraction time 60min, ultrasound power 500W, ratio of water to raw material 30ml/g and extraction number 3. Under these conditions, the yield of OCAP was 36.77±1.76%. OCAP was fractionated into three major fractions (OCAP-I, OCAP-II and OCAP-II), that all fractions possessed considerable antioxidant activity. OCAP-II and OCAP-III exhibited good immunomodulatory activities. The results indicated that UET is a very useful method for extraction bioactive polysaccharides from plant materials. OCAP could be explored as a potential antioxidant and immunostimulating agent for use in medicine or functional foods.

catena-Poly[[[dibromidocadmium]-µ(2)-1,1'-(butane-1,4-di-yl)bis-(pyridinium-4-carboxyl-ate)] monohydrate].

In the title compound, {[CdBr(2)(C(16)H(16)N(2)O(4))]·H(2)O}(n), the Cd(II) ion is six-coordinated by a Br(2)O(4) donor set, with four O atoms from two bridging 1,1'-(butane-1,4-di-yl)bis-(pyridinium-4-carboxyl-ate) ligands. The ligands link the Cd(II) ions into a zigzag chain extending along [0[Formula: see text]1]. O-H⋯O and O-H⋯Br hydrogen bonds involving the uncoordinated water mol-ecules connect the chains.

Antioxidant and immunobiological activity of water-soluble polysaccharide fractions purified from Acanthopanax senticosu.

A water-soluble polysaccharide obtained from Acanthopanax senticosus leaves (ASL), was fractionated by DEAE-Sepharose fast-flow column chromatography, and purified by Sephadex G-75 gel-permeation column chromatography. The characteristics of ASP-2-1 were determined by chemical analysis, high-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE), high-performance gel-permeation chromatography (HPGPC). The results show that ASP-2-1 contained 89.47% carbohydrate, 7.45% uronic acid, 2.16% protein and seven kinds of monosaccharides including rhamnose, xylose, glucose, mannose, arabinose, galactose and glucuronic acid in a molar ratio of 7.45:18.63:25.15:0.93:8.35:2.79:5.69, with an average molecular weight of about 14,573Da. Furthermore, the immunobiological and antioxidant activities, in vitro, of ASP-2-1 were evaluated by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay and ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH()), superoxide radical (()O(2)(-)) and hydroxyl radical (()OH) free radical-scavenging assay, respectively. The results showed that ASP-2-1 exhibited significantly higher immunomodulatory activities against the lymphocyte proliferation in vitro, pronounced reductive power (FRAP value: 785.1µM at 0.2mg/ml), strong hydroxyl radical (89.56% at 1mg/ml) scavenging activity, moderate superoxide radicals (65.32% at 1mg/ml) and DPPH radicals (68.9% at 1mg/ml) scavenging activities. ASP-2-1 should be explored as a novel and potential natural antioxidant and immunostimulating agent for use in functional foods or medicine.

(5,5'-Dicarboxy-biphenyl-2,2'-dicarboxyl-ato-κO,O)bis-(1,10-phenanthroline-κN,N')cobalt(II) dihydrate.

In the title compound, [Co(C(16)H(8)O(8))(C(12)H(8)N(2))(2)]·2H(2)O, the Co atom located on a twofold rotation axis. It is six-coordinated by two O atoms from one 5,5'-dicarboxy-biphenyl-2,2'-dicarboxyl-ate anion and four N atoms from two 1,10-phenanthroline mol-ecules in a distorted octa-hedral environment. The crystal packing is stabilized by O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

(5,5'-Dicarboxy-biphenyl-2,2'-dicarboxyl-ato-κO,O)bis-(1,10-phenanthroline-κN,N')zinc(II) dihydrate.

In the title compound, [Zn(C(16)H(8)O(8))(C(12)H(8)N(2))(2)]·2H(2)O, the Zn(II) atom is located on a twofold rotation axis and is six-coordinated by two O atoms from a 5,5'-dicarboxy-biphenyl-2,2'-dicarboxyl-ate ligand and four N atoms from two 1,10-phenanthroline mol-ecules in a distorted octa-hedral geometry. The crystal structure involves O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

Ginsenoside extraction from Panax quinquefolium L. (American ginseng) root by using ultrahigh pressure.

A new method of ultrahigh pressure extraction (UPE) was used to extract the ginsenosides from Panax quinquefolium L. (American ginseng) root at room temperature. Several solvents, including water, ethanol, methanol, and n-butanol were used in the UPE. The ginsenosides were quantified by a HPLC equipped with UV-vis detector. The results showed that ethanol is the most efficient solvent among the used ones. Compared with other methods, i.e., Soxhlet extraction, heat reflux extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and supercritical CO2 extraction, the UPE has the highest extraction yield in the shortest time. The extraction yield of 0.861% ginsenoside-Rc in 2 min was achieved by the UPE, while the yields of 0.284% and 0.661% were obtained in several hours by supercritical CO2 extraction and the heat reflux extraction, respectively.

[Simultaneous determination of trace amounts of iron(II), copper(I) and cobalt(II) in aloe by second derivative peak area spectrophotometry].

A new method for simultaneous determination of iron(II), copper(I) and cobalt(II) was established by second derivative peak area spectrophotometry in chromogenic system of 1,10-phenanthroline. The method could avoid disturbing by some ions. The accuracy and sensitivity were improved. There is a linear relationship in the range of 0.0-8.5 microg x mL(-1) for Fe(II); of 0.0-7.3 microg x mL(-1) for Cu(I); and of 0.0-5.9 microg x mL(-1) for Co(II). The method has been applied to simultaneous determination of iron(II), copper(I) and cobalt(II) in aloe with satisfactory results. The average recovery is 98.6%-102% and the RSD is 0.1%-0.2%. There is no remarkable difference between these results and those of ICP-AES method.