ABSTRACT
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most important foodborne pathogens that can persist in leafy green vegetables and subsequently produce biofilms. In this study, the synergistic effect of thymoquinone and nisin in reducing biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa on lettuce was evaluated, and their anti-virulence and anti-biofilm mechanisms were also investigated. At concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 2 mg/ml, thymoquinone inhibited the production of autoinducers and virulence factors, and enhanced the susceptibility of P. aeruginosa biofilms to nisin as evidenced by the scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Integrated transcriptomics, metabolomics, and docking analyses indicated that thymoquinone treatment disrupted the quorum sensing (QS) system, altered cell membrane component, and down-regulated the expressions of genes related to virulence, efflux pump, and antioxidation. The changed membrane component and repressed efflux pump system enhanced membrane permeability and facilitated the entrance of nisin into cells, thus improving the susceptibility of biofilms to nisin. The dysfunctional QS and repressed antioxidant enzymes lead to the enhancement of oxidative stress. The enhanced oxidative stress disrupted energy metabolism and protein metabolism and ultimately attenuated the virulence and pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa PAO1. Our study indicated that thymoquinone has the potential to function as a QS-based agent to defend against foodborne pathogens in combination with nisin.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the role of tetramethylpyrazine(TMP) nitrone in proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs). METHODS: We separated and cultivated the original generation of NSCs from cerebral cortex of 14 days rat embryo, and the phenotype characteristics of the third-generation NSCs was tested by immunofluorescence. The experiment was divided into control group, ß-mercaptoethanol positive control group, tetramethylpyrazine nitrone group and tetramethylpyrazine nitrone + ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid(EGTA) group (n=4). The third-generation cultivation of NSCs was used in the experiment. The effect of tetramethylpyrazine nitrone on the number of NSCs proliferation was determined by BrdU and MTT, and the differentiation of NSCs was determined by Western blot. RESULTS: The primary NSCs was isolated successfully, neurospheres with typical NSCs morphology and expressing nestin was formed at 3-5 days. As BrdU and MTT assay results shown, compared with the control group andß-mercaptoethanol positive control group, the NSCs proliferation numbers of tetramethylpyrazine nitrone group increased significantly(P<0.05). The results of Western blot showed that the neuronal differentiation rate of NSCs was increased significantly in both the tetramethylpyrazine nitrone group and tetramethylpyrazine nitrone + EGTA group, and the differentiation rate of NSCs in tetramethylpyrazine nitrone + EGTA group increased more significantly(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Tetramethylpyrazine nitrone can significantly enhance the proliferation and neuronal differentiation rate of NSCs. Decrease in extracellular Ca2+ can promote the differentiation of NSCs into neurons induced by tetramethylpyrazine nitrone. Ca2+ signaling plays an important role in the differentiation of NSCs into neurons.
Subject(s)
Cell Differentiation/drug effects , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Neural Stem Cells/drug effects , Nitrogen Oxides/pharmacology , Pyrazines/pharmacology , Animals , Calcium Signaling , Cells, Cultured , Neural Stem Cells/cytology , RatsABSTRACT
Electrical excitability by membrane depolarization is crucial for survival and maturation of newborn cells in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. However, traditional technology for membrane depolarization lacks temporal and spatial precision. Optogenetics can be used to activate channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), allowing cationic current to depolarize genetically targeted cells. In this study, we used ChR2-EGFP driven by doublecortin (DCX) to promote survival and maturation of newborn cells in the dentate gyrus after traumatic brain injury (TBI). C57BL/6 mice underwent lateral fluid percussion TBI. TBI mice were transfected with a lentivirus carrying the DCX-ChR2-EGFP gene. We observed that not only immature neurons but also type-2b intermediate progenitor (IPs) and neuroblasts expressed DCX-EGFP, indicating that DCX-expressing newborn cells could provide a long time window for electrical activity regulation. Quantitative results showed that the number of EGFP-expressing cells began to rise at 3 days after TBI and peaked at 9 days after TBI. By optical depolarization of DCX-EGFP-expressing cells between 3 and 12 days, we observed significantly improved cognitive deficits after TBI with enhanced survival and maturation of newborn cells in the dentate gyrus. We also investigated the role of optical depolarization in neural stem cells transfected with a lentivirus carrying the ChR2-DCX-EGFP gene in vitro. By administrating verapamil to block L-type calcium channels, we verified that the up-regulation of MAP2, NeuN, Neurog2, NeuroD1 and GluR2 in newborn cells was mediated by ChR2-elicted depolarization. By using ß-catenin inhibitor Dkk1, we demonstrated that optical depolarization of DCX-EGFP-expressing cells facilitated survival and maturation probably through the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling cascade.
Subject(s)
Brain Injuries, Traumatic , Cognition Disorders/etiology , Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism , Neurogenesis/physiology , Neuropeptides/metabolism , Recovery of Function/physiology , Wnt Signaling Pathway/physiology , Action Potentials/physiology , Age Factors , Animals , Bacterial Proteins/genetics , Bacterial Proteins/metabolism , Brain Injuries, Traumatic/complications , Brain Injuries, Traumatic/metabolism , Brain Injuries, Traumatic/pathology , Bromodeoxyuridine/metabolism , Cells, Cultured , Channelrhodopsins/genetics , Channelrhodopsins/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Doublecortin Domain Proteins , Doublecortin Protein , Embryo, Mammalian , Hippocampus/cytology , In Vitro Techniques , Luminescent Proteins/genetics , Luminescent Proteins/metabolism , Male , Maze Learning/physiology , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Microtubule-Associated Proteins/genetics , Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism , Neural Stem Cells/physiology , Neurons/physiology , Neuropeptides/genetics , Optogenetics , Transduction, GeneticABSTRACT
To investigate the functions of U6 and 7SK of Bama mini-pig and produce Bama mini-pig with silenced GGTA1 gene, the siRNA promoters U6 and 7SK were cloned, ligated into pMD18-shEGFP, and co-transfected with PEGFP- N1 into PK-15 kidney cells of pigs to be used in RNAi experiments. The functions of the two promoters in pig cells were verified using pMD18-hU6-shEGFP as the positive control, pMD18-shEGFP vector without promoter as the negative control, PEGFP-N1 as the first blank control, ddH2O in replacement of the plasmid as the second blank control. The results showed that the lengths of U6 and 7SK in Bama mini-pig were 553 bp and 437 bp, respectively. Vectors pMD18-pU6- shEGFP and pMD18-p7SK-shEGFP were constructed and transfected into PK-15 cells from pigs. Promoters pU6 and p7SK proved to express high levels of siRNA activity and can be used in the experiment of silencing α-1,3galactosyltransferase gene.
