Long non-coding RNA PRR7-AS1 promotes osteosarcoma progression via binding RNF2 to transcriptionally suppress MTUS1.

Introduction: Osteosarcoma is a common bone malignant tumor in adolescents with high mortality and poor prognosis. At present, the progress of osteosarcoma and effective treatment strategies are not clear. This study provides a new potential target for the progression and treatment of osteosarcoma. Methods: The relationship between lncRNA PRR7-AS1 and osteosarcoma was analyzed using the osteosarcoma databases and clinical sample testing. Cell function assays and tumor lung metastasis were employed to study the effects of PRR7-AS1 on tumorigenesis in vivo and in vitro. Potential downstream RNF2 of PRR7-AS1 was identified and explored using RNA pulldown and RIP. The GTRD and KnockTF database were used to predict the downstream target gene, MTUS1, and ChIP-qPCR experiments were used to verify the working mechanismy. Rescue experiments were utilized to confirm the role of MTUS1 in the pathway. Results: Deep mining of osteosarcoma databases combined with clinical sample testing revealed a positive correlation between lncRNA PRR7-AS1 and osteosarcoma progression. Knockdown of PRR7-AS1 inhibited osteosarcoma cell proliferation and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, RNA pulldown and RIP revealed that PRR7-AS1 may bind RNF2 to play a cancer-promoting role. ChIP-qPCR experiments were utilized to validate the working mechanism of the downstream target gene MTUS1. RNF2 inhibited the transcription of MTUS1 through histone H2A lysine 119 monoubiquitin. Rescue experiments confirmed MTUS1 as a downstream direct target of PRR7-AS1 and RNF2. Discussion: We identified lncRNA PRR7-AS1 as an important oncogene in osteosarcoma progression, indicating that it may be a potential target for diagnosis and prognosis of osteosarcoma.

[siRNAs targetting sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1 protect mouse oocytes from apoptosis].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential of siRNAs targeting sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1 (SMPD1) in protecting the oocytes from apoptosis, and explore new approaches to female fertility preservation. METHODS: Chemically synthesized siRNA targeting SMPD1 were introduced into mouse oocytes retrieved by hyperstimulation, and the cell apoptosis was analyzed by comic assay 48 and 72 h later. RESULTS: In the oocytes without any siRNA injection, oocyte DNA damage occurred after 24 h, and large amount of DNA fragments migrated from the cells 48 h later. In oocytes injected with siRNA003, DNA migration decreased significantly as compared with the control and the other two groups injected with siRNA001 and siRNA002 (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: siRNA targeting SMPD1 may protect the oocytes from apoptosis, and has the potential for use in future female fertility preservation.

Phenotypic changes of human cells in human-rat liver during partial hepatectomy-induced regeneration.

AIM: To examine the human hepatic parenchymal and stromal components in rat liver and the phenotypic changes of human cells in liver of human-rat chimera (HRC) generated by in utero transplantation of human cells during partial hepatectomy (PHx)-induced liver regeneration. METHODS: Human hepatic parenchymal and stromal components and phenotypic changes of human cells during liver regeneration were examined by flow cytometry, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: ISH analysis demonstrated human Alu-positive cells in hepatic parenchyma and stroma of recipient liver. Functional human hepatocytes generated in this model potentially constituted human hepatic functional units with the presence of donor-derived human endothelial and biliary duct cells in host liver. Alpha fetoprotein (AFP)(+), CD34(+) and CD45(+) cells were observed in the chimeric liver on day 10 after PHx-induced liver regeneration and then disappeared in PHx group, but not in non-PHx group, suggesting that dynamic phenotypic changes of human cells expressing AFP, CD34 and CD45 cells may occur during the chimeric liver regeneration. Additionally, immunostaining for human proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) showed that the number of PCNA-positive cells in the chimeric liver of PHx group was markedly increased, as compared to that of control group, indicating that donor-derived human cells are actively proliferated during PHx-induced regeneration of HRC liver. CONCLUSION: HRC liver provides a tool for investigating human liver regeneration in a humanized animal model.

A study of using tissue-engineered skin reconstructed by candidate epidermal stem cells to cover the nude mice with full-thickness skin defect.

OBJECTIVE: To study and explore the feasibility of using candidate epidermal stem cells with reconstruct tissue-engineered skin for a skin defect. METHODS: After the candidate epidermal stem cells were selected directly by rapid adhesion to type IV collagen within 10min from keratinocytes isolated from foreskin epidermis, the TES was constructed by seeding large-scale cultured candidate epidermal stem cells onto a fibroblast-containing dermal substrate, then grafted onto athymic immunodeficient mice with full-thickness skin defects. All specimens were harvested after 1 week, 2 weeks and 4 weeks of transplantation to evaluate by gross, histological, transmission electron microscopic and immunohistochemical techniques its potential to reconstitute a full-thickness skin defect. RESULTS: The transplanted skin developed a well-differentiated epidermis composed of stratum basale, prickle cell layer, granular layer and stratum corneum and clearly defined dermis with the morphological features of intact skin. The continuous and integral basement membrane zone (BMZ) was established; hemidesmosomes, basal lamina and anchoring fibrils were detected. In the dermis, the collagen of dermal substitute degraded gradually and fibroblasts were aligned in order; lymphocytes, organelle debris, differentiated microvasculature and hyperactive collagen fibrillogenesis were observed. The immunohistochemistry suggested that the keratinocytes of the TES were originated from the human candidate epidermal stem cells and not from the mice. The constructed TES was similar to the uninjured skin in morphological features, which suggested the constructed TES by combining cultured candidate epidermal stem cells with the dermal substrate could satisfy the need for the restoration of skin defects.

Generation of human/rat xenograft animal model for the study of human donor stem cell behaviors in vivo.

AIM: To accurately and realistically elucidate human stem cell behaviors in vivo and the fundamental mechanisms controlling human stem cell fates in vivo, which is urgently required in regenerative medicine and treatments for some human diseases, a surrogate human-rat chimera model was developed. METHODS: Human-rat chimeras were achieved by in utero transplanting low-density mononuclear cells from human umbilical cord blood into the fetal rats at 9-11 d of gestation, and subsequently, a variety of methods, including flow cytometry, PCR as well as immunohistochemical assay, were used to test the human donor contribution in the recipients. RESULTS: Of 29 live-born recipients, 19 had the presence of human CD45(+) cells in peripheral blood (PB) detected by flow cytometry, while PCR analysis on genomic DNA from 11 different adult tissues showed that 14 selected from flow cytometry-positive 19 animals possessed of donor-derived human cell engraftment in multiple tissues (i.e. liver, spleen, thymus, heart, kidney, blood, lung, muscle, gut and skin) examined at the time of tissue collection, as confirmed by detecting human beta2-microglobulin expression using immunohistochemistry. In this xenogeneic system, the engrafted donor-derived human cells persisted in multiple tissues for at least 6 mo after birth. Moreover, transplanted human donor cells underwent site-specific differentiation into CK18-positive human cells in chimeric liver and CD45-positive human cells in chimeric spleen and thymus of recipients. CONCLUSION: Taken together, these findings suggest that we successfully developed human-rat chimeras, in which xenogeneic human cells exist up to 6 mo later. This humanized small animal model, which offers an in vivo environment more closely resembling to the situations in human, provides an invaluable and effective approach for in vivo investigating human stem cell behaviors, and further in vivo examining fundamental mechanisms controlling human stem cell fates in the future. The potential for new advances in our better understanding the living biological systems in human provided by investigators in humanized animals will remain promising.

High expression of hepatitis B virus based vector with reporter gene in hepatitis B virus infection system.

AIM: To construct a hepatitis B virus (HBV)-based vector with a reporter gene and to establish an HBV infection system to evaluate the availability of the vector. METHODS: The HBV-based vectors with green fluorescence protein (GFP) were packaged into the liver of immunodeficient mice through transfer and helper plasmid using hydrodynamic technology. Wild type HBV (wt HBV) was provided by plasmid MC2009. Primary human hepatocytes (PHH) were isolated and infected with recombinant HBV (rHBV) or wt HBV. GFP expression was monitored by confocal and flow cytometry. HBV DNA and HBV surface antigen (HBSAg) were analyzed by PCR and ELISA. RESULTS: 3 x 10(7) wt HBV copies/mL and 5 x 10(6) rHBV copies/mL were collected from mice serum. In the wt HBV infected group, HBV progeny was 2 x 10(7) copies/mL and HBSAg was 770 ng/mL. In the rHBV infected group, GFP fluorescence was detected on d 3 post-infection and over 85% of the parenchymal cells expressed green fluorescence on d 12 post-infection. Compared with wt HBV in the PHH infection system, no rHBV DNA or HBSAg were detected in PHH culture media. CONCLUSION: An effective HBV based vector was developed, which proved to be a useful HBV infection system. This vector and infection system can be applied to develop a therapeutic vector and study the HBV life cycle and viral pathogenesis.

Formation of human hepatocyte-like cells with different cellular phenotypes by human umbilical cord blood-derived cells in the human-rat chimeras.

We took advantage of the proliferative and permissive environment of the developing pre-immune fetus to develop a noninjury human-rat xenograft small animal model, in which the in utero transplantation of low-density mononuclear cells (MNCs) from human umbilical cord blood (hUCB) into fetal rats at 9-11 days of gestation led to the formation of human hepatocyte-like cells (hHLCs) with different cellular phenotypes, as revealed by positive immunostaining for human-specific alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), cytokeratin 19 (CK19), cytokeratin 8 (CK8), cytokeratin 18 (CK18), and albumin (Alb), and with some animals exhibiting levels as high as 10.7% of donor-derived human cells in the recipient liver. More interestingly, donor-derived human cells stained positively for CD34 and CD45 in the liver of 2-month-old rat. Human hepatic differentiation appeared to partially follow the process of hepatic ontogeny, as evidenced by the expression of AFP gene at an early stage and albumin gene at a later stage. Human hepatocytes generated in this model retained functional properties of normal hepatocytes. In this xenogeneic system, the engrafted donor-derived human cells persisted in the recipient liver for at least 6 months after birth. Taken together, these findings suggest that the donor-derived human cells with different cellular phenotypes are found in the recipient liver and hHLCs hold biological activity. This humanized small animal model, which offers an in vivo environment more closely resembling the situations in human, provides an invaluable approach for in vivo investigating human stem cell behaviors, and further in vivo examining fundamental mechanisms controlling human stem cell fates in the future.

[Mesenchymal stem cells do not differentiate into "quasi-sperm"].

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the surviving mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the testis after transplantation can differentiate into quasi-sperm. METHODS: (1) Making an animal model with sterilized testes. Forty 4-week old white male BASB/C mice were used to establish an animal model with sterilized testes and divided randomly into an experimental and a control group. (2) Cell preparation. The MSCs from 10 gray male 129-mice were isolated, cultured and purified by Percoll density gradient centrifugation combined with the adherent method. When the MSCs grew to an adequate number, they were made into a cell suspension with NS at a concentration of 1 million cells/ml. (3) Xenogeneic transplantation of the MSCs into the testis. The MSC suspension was blindly injected into the testes of the mice in the experimental group and NS into the testes of the controls. (4) Post-transplantation observation. Forty white female BASB/C mice were adopted, each put into a box with a male mouse from the experimental group or the control group, and then observed for pregnancy. RESULTS: In the experimental group, 8 cases of pregnancy (40%) were observed at 31-46 d (38.5 d on average), the offspring all white. In the control group, only 1 case of pregnancy (5%) was seen at 45 d, the offspring all white, too. It was suggested that the MSCs of the 129-mice failed to differentiate into functional quasi-sperm and pass their genes to their offspring, as would expectedly have been presented by a mixture of black and white. The pregnancy rates of the two groups were significantly different (P < 0.05), which indicated that MSCs could promote the healing of the testis damage. CONCLUSION: MSCs cannot differentiate into quasi-sperm after heterogeneity transplantation into the testis, but can promote the healing of the testis damage.

[Making of the animal model with sterilized testes].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the methods of making an animal model with sterilized testes. METHODS: (1) X-ray local irradiation. Seventy 8-10-week-old male mice were equally divided into 6 experiment groups and a control group. The testes of the mice in the 6 experiment groups were irradiated sequentially by 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600, 1800 and 2000 cGy X-ray for 10 minutes, while those in the control group remained untreated. And then the pregnancy test was performed. (2) Cyclophosphamide injection. Forty 4-5-week-old male mice were divided into 3 experiment groups and a control group, the former treated with different doses of Cyclophosphamide via ip and the latter Natiichloridi Saline (N.S.) via i.p., followed by the pregnancy test. (3) Diphereline injection. Twenty 8-10-week-old male mice were equally divided into an experiment group and a control group, the former treated with Diphereline via ip and the latter N.S. via i.p., followed by the pregnancy test. (4) Identification by such pathologic examinations as TUNE1. technology, HE staining and immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS: (1) X-ray local irradiation. The male mice of Group 1 and 2 made their female partners pregnant respectively 10 and 15 days after the X-ray irradiation, but not those of Group 3 and 4 in our 3-month observation, and those of Group 5 and 6 died respectively 2 and 5 days after the X-ray irradiation. By comparison, the controls got their female partners pregnant within 3 days after placed together. (2) Cyclophosphamide injection. The male mice of Group 1 gained weight about 7 g and achieved pregnancy 9-14 days after drug termination, those of Group 2 gained around 4 g but failed to effect pregnancy, and those in Group 3 lost weight and died respective at 3, 4 and 5 weeks during the medication, while the controls all got their female partners pregnant within 3 days after put together. (3) Diphereline injection. The 10 male mice of the experiment group effected pregnancy 3 weeks after drug termination, while the 10 controls achieved the same result with 3 days after placed together. (4) Pathologic identification: TUNEL technology showed that apoptotic cells were occasionally seen (0.71 +/- 0.12)% in the testis tissue of the control group and remarkably increased (10.36 +/- 1.48)% in the model group, with significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). HE staining revealed normal testis tissues and convoluted seminiferous tubules with large numbers of germ cells in the control group, but atrophied convoluted seminiferous tubules and estranged cell linkage with only Ledig's cells but no germ cells in the model group. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the positive expression rates of CD29, Hsp90alpha and CD117 were respectively (50.30 +/- 5.2)%, (41.6 +/- 3.5)% and (73.6 +/- 3.7)% in the control group, as compared with (1.3 +/- 0.2)%, 0% and (1.6 +/- 0.3)% in the model group, with significant difference (P < 0.01). The positive expression rate of p53 was (19.7 +/- 0.8)% in the control group, significantly different from that of the model group, which was (39.4 +/- 2.9)% (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The animal model with sterilized testes can be made either by X-ray local irradiation of the testis or by Cyclophosphamide injection via i.p..

Rescue of the albino phenotype by introducing a functional tyrosinase minigene into Kunming albino mice.

AIM: To use the tyrosinase minigene as a visual marker to perform microinjection training and improve the techniques related with transgene to greatly elevate the efficiency of gene transfer. METHODS: A mouse tyrosinase minigene, i.e., TyBS, in which the 2.25-kb authentic genomic 5' non-coding flanking sequence of mouse tyrosinase was fused to a mouse tyrosinase cDNA, was introduced into the fertilized eggs of outbred Kunming albino mice. RESULTS: Of the 11 animals that developed from the injected eggs, two mice (P1 and #8) exhibited pigmented hair (P1) and eyes (P1 and #8), as confirmed by PCR analysis for the tyrosinase minigene integrated into the genome. When founder P1 was bred to Kunming male mouse, six progeny out of 11 offspring inherited the transgene and the pigmented-eye phenotype. CONCLUSION: Taken together, these results suggest that this minigene encodes the active tyrosinase protein and that its 5' flanking region contains the sequences regulating the expression of mouse tyrosinase gene as expected. We have rescued the albino phenotype by introduction and expression of a functional tyrosinase minigene in the Kunming albino mouse and the transgene can be passed to subsequent generation. These findings also indicate that TyBS can be a useful visual marker gene in the co-transgenic experiments.

Overexpression of hepatitis B virus-binding protein, squamous cell carcinoma antigen 1, extends retention of hepatitis B virus in mouse liver.

How receptors mediate the entry of hepatitis B virus (HBV) into the target liver cells is poorly understood. Recently, human squamous cell carcinoma antigen 1 (SCCA1) has been found to mediate binding and internalization of HBV to liver-derived cell lines in vitro. In this report, we investigate if SCCA1 is able to function as an HBV receptor and mediate HBV entry into mouse liver. SCCA1 transgene under the control of Rous sarcoma virus promoter was constructed in a minicircle DNA vector that was delivered to NOD/SCID mouse liver using the hydrodynamic technique. Subsequently, HBV-positive human serum was injected intravenously. We demonstrated that approximately 30% of the mouse liver cells expressed a high level of recombined SCCA1 protein for at least 37 d. The HBV surface antigen was found to persist in mouse liver for up to 17 d. Furthermore, HBV genome also persisted in mouse liver, as determined by polymerase chain reaction, for up to 17 d, and in mouse circulation for 7 d. These results suggest that SCAA1 might serve as an HBV receptor or co-receptor and play an important role in mediating HBV entry into hepatocytes, although its role in human HBV infection remains to be determined.

[Transplantation of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into the xenogeneic testis].

OBJECTIVE: To study transplantation of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into the xenogeneic testis. METHODS: (1) The tibias and femurs were dissected from 5-6-week-old mice. The marrow in the tibias and femurs was flushed out with medium. MSCs were isolated, cultured and purified in vitro by Percoll density gradient centrifugation combined with adherent method. (2) MSCs of the third generation were adopted and marked with Hoechest33342 for observation, and then made into cell-suspending fluid. (3) The marked MSCs were transplanted into the testis of the xenogeneic mouse by testis net injection. The biopsies of the testis tissues were carried out at different time and made into frost slices at three sites for observation. RESULTS: (1) A lot of purified MSCs were obtained at the third generation. (2) The nucleoli of the marked MSCs showed light-yellow under the fluoroscope. (3) Xenogeneic transplantation of mouse bone marrow MSCs by testis net injection was successful, without immunoreaction. On the 1 st day after transplantation, MSCs only concentratively distributed in the medial slices, the nucleoli being light-yellow; On the 1 st and 3 rd day, MSCs dispersively distributed in the medial slices; On the 6th, 9th and 12th day, MSCs presented in all the slices of the three sites, some ranging tubally; On the 15th and 18th day, the fluorescence of MSCs weakened; On the 21 st day, the fluorescence of MSCs disappeared. CONCLUSION: Transplantation of mouse bone marrow MSCs into the xenogeneic testis by testis net injection is effective and feasible, without immunoreaction. MSCs can survive after transplantation.

[Isolation and culture of mouse marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and biological characteristics of MSCs cultured in conditions for spermatogonia in vitro].

OBJECTIVE: To isolate, culture and purify mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and observe the main biological characteristics of MSCs cultured in conditions for spermatogonia in vitro. METHODS: The tibias and femurs were dissected from 5 - 6-week old mice and the marrow in the tibias and femurs was flushed out with medium. MSCs were isolated, cultured, purified in vitro by Percoll density gradient centrifugation combined with adherent method and identified by dynamic observation of stem cell characteristics by transmission electron microscope, HE staining, and immunohistochemical detection of cell markers. The quantities of such cytokines as IL-6, IL-8, G-CSF and SCF in culture liquid with MSCs were measured by ELISA, and compared with those of the control group. MSCs of the third generation were divided into two groups to be induced and cultured. MSCs of the control group were cultured with basal medium, while those of the experimental group with conditional medium. The results were analysed by microscopic observation, HE staining and immunohistochemical methods. RESULTS: Pure MSCs were obtained. The cultured cells, with stem cell characteristics, shuttle-shaped at HE staining, immature under the transmission electron microscope and CD44 and CD90 positive by immunohistochemical detection, could be identified as MSCs. Compared with the control group, the quantities of IL-6, IL-8, G-CSF and SCF in the experimental group increased significantly (P < 0.05). The shapes of MSCs changed and immunohistochemical staining for CD27, CD119 and Oct-4 was positive in the experimental group, but both were just the opposite in the control group. CONCLUSION: Pure MSCs can be obtained by Percoll density gradient centrifugation combined with adherent method and identified by dynamically observing stem cell characteristics, HE staining, observation under the transmission electron microscope and immunohistochemical detection of cell markers. MSCs can secrete cytokines such as IL-6, IL-8, G-CSF, SCF, and so on. MSCs cultured in conditions for spermatogonia may show some biological characteristics of spermatogonia.

Generation of the regulatory protein rtTA transgenic mice.

AIM: To translate Tet-on system into a conditional mouse model, in which hepatitis B or C virus (HBV or HCV) gene could be spatiotemporally expressed to overcome "immune tolerance" formed during the embryonic development and "immune escape" against hepatitis virus antigen(s), an effector mouse, carrying the reverse tetracycline-responsive transcriptional activator (rtTA) gene under the tight control of liver-specific human apoE promoter, is required to be generated. METHODS: To address this end, rtTA fragment amplified by PCR was effectively inserted into the vector of pLiv.7 containing apoE promoter to create the rtTA expressing vector, i.e., pApoE-rtTA. ApoE-rtTA transgenic fragment (-6.9 kb) released from pApoE-rtTA was transferred into mice by pronucleus injection, followed by obtaining one transgene (+) founder animal from microinjection through PCR and Southern blot analysis. RESULTS: rtTA transgene which could be transmitted to subsequent generation (F1) derived from founder was expressed in a liver-specific fashion. CONCLUSION: Taken together, these findings demonstrate that rtTA transgenic mice, in which rtTA expression is appropriately targeted to the murine liver, are successfully produced, which lays a solid foundation to 'off-on-off' regulate expression of target gene (s) (e.g., HBV and/or HCV) in transgenic mice mediated by Tet-on system.

Temporal control of Cre recombinase-mediated in vitro DNA recombination by Tet-on gene expression system.

Conditional gene expression and gene deletion are important experimental approaches for examining the functions of particular gene products in mouse models. These strategies exploiting Cre-mediated site-specific DNA recombination have been incorporated into transgenic and gene-targeting procedures to allow in vivo manipulation of DNA in embryonic stem cells (ES cells) or living animals. The Cre/lox P system has become widely used in conditional gene targeting, conditional gene repair and activation, inducible chromosome translocation, and chromosome engineering. In this project, we have employed the universal transgenic system and the liver-specific promoter system for tightly temporal and liver-specific control of Cre gene expression in mice that (1) integrates the advantages of the Tet-on gene expression system and Cre/lox P site-mediated gene activation, and (2) simplifies the scheme of animal crosses through a combination of two control elements in a single transgene. A liver-specific apoE promoter was inserted into the promoter cloning site upstream of the rtTA cassette of pCore construct to generate the transgene construct pApoErtTA-tetO-Cre, followed by demonstrating stringent regulation of doxycycline (Dox)-induced Cre-mediated recombination in the lox P-flanked transcription STOP cassette-modified BEL-7402 cells. That is to say, in the absence of Dox, the Cre gene is not expressed and will not induce site-specific recombination between two lox P sites, whereas on exposure to Dox, the Cre gene will be expressed and the recombination will occur. Together, these data indicate that the Tet-on gene expression system is able to successfully and stringently control Cre expression in vitro, which lays a solid foundation for efficient and spatio-temporal Cre gene activation in transgenic mice.

Malignant transformation of the cultured human hepatocytes induced by hepatitis C virus core protein.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Hepatitis C virus core protein (HCV-C) has been known to play an important role in hepatocarcinogenesis. But, up to now there is no certain evidence in pathomorphology directly supporting this standpoint. In this study, a human hepatocytes model expressing HCV-C was established for investigating the influence of HCV-C on hepatocytes biological properties. METHODS: The HCV-C expression plasmid, PcDNA3-C, was transfected into Chang-liver cells to establish HCV-C expressing cells. Proliferation rate and variation index of DNA content of these cells were measured by MTT and FCM. The malignant transformation of these cells was observed by electron microscope. Furthermore, these cells were subcutaneous injected into nude mice to observed their tumor genesis. RESULTS: Proliferation rate and variation index of DNA content of these cells markedly increased. 10/10 of BALB/c-nu/nu nude mice generated tumors at 3 weeks after subcutaneous inoculation of the HCV-C expressing cells. And, histological structure of the tumors coincided with that of hepatocarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: The HCV-C may play a key role in hepatocarcinogenesis resulting from HCV infection.

Temporal and tight hepatitis C virus gene activation in cultured human hepatoma cells mediated by a cell-permeable Cre recombinase.

Conditional gene expression has greatly facilitated the examination of the functions of particular gene products. Using the Cre/lox P switching expression system, we plan to develop efficient conditional transgene activation of hepatitis C virus core protein (HCV-C) cDNA (nucleotide 342-914) in the transgenic mice to overcome "immune tolerance" formed during the embryonic period and "immune escape" against hepatitis virus antigen in our project. To use this system in vivo, the dormant transgenic construct, i.e., pApoE-SCS-EGFP-HCV-C, was generated using techniques of standard molecular biology. The liverspecific human apoE promoter was here used to target expression of genes of interest (EGFP and HCV-C) to murine liver. Prior to generating the transgenic mice, the availability of Cre/lox P system and construct functionality were successfully verified by a cell-free recombination system and via checking the expression of EGFP and HCV-C in the human hepatoma cells at the mRNA and protein levels. These results suggest that the Cre/lox P system could tightly control expression of EGFP and HCV-C in vitro, which laid a solid foundation to conditionally activate expression of target gene(s) in transgenic mice by Cre-mediated site-specific recombination.

[A pilot study on transdifferentiation of skin stem cell in reconstructing corneal epithelium].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the differentiation and development of skin stem cells on corneal stroma and to discuss the possibility of reconstructing corneal epithelium with skin stem cells. METHODS: Pieces of human and rabbit skin were obtained during operation. Rabbit eye balls were taken, and pieces of corneal stroma without epithelium were prepared. Skin stem cells from the rabbit skin and human skin were cultured. The human skin stem cells of the first generation to 4th generation were implanted on the rabbit corneal stroma and cultured. Three rabbits underwent autotransplantation of the rabbit skin stem cells of the first generation to 4th generation on the pieces of corneal stroma with the superficial lamina removed and then fed for 100 approximately 114 days. Another 3 rabbits underwent allotransplantation of the rabbit skin stem cells of first to 4th generation on the pieces of corneal stroma with the superficial lamina removed and then fed for 100 days. Then the rabbits were killed and their eye balls taken out. The rabbit corneas implanted with human or rabbit epithelial cells and the rabbit corneas with the autogeneous or heterogeneous epithelial cells were sliced and underwent immunohistochemistry with human AE5 antibody corresponding to the specific surface marker keratin K3/K12 common to humankind and rabbit, and human epithelial cell keratin K-19 monoclonal antibody. RESULTS: Since the 3(rd) day of transplantation the transplanted human epithelial cells formed multiplayer and were human AE5 antibody and human K19 monoclonal antibody positive. The autotransplanted corneas remained basically transparent without obvious vascular hyperplasia till the cornea specimens were taken. Histological examination showed intact multiplayer epithelium and immunohistochemistry showed human AE5 positive. The allotransplanted\rabbit corneas showed congestion since the 9(th) day. Histological examination showed that the corneas were nor so transparent as the autotransplanted ones and the epithelium was nor intact with a lot of lymphocyte infiltration. CONCLUSION: Corneal epithelium can be reconstructed from skin stem cell, which may be an alternative for constructing autogeneous bioengineered corneas.