ABSTRACT
Microglia play a crucial role in the activation of immune defense mechanism as the resident macrophages in the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia can eliminate damaged neurons, plaques, and other infectious agents. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-2 (TREM-2) speculates to be beneficial in preventing inflammation-induced bystander damage of neurons. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of TREM-2 on neurons are not clarified. We cultured PC12 cells with conditioned medium which was the supernatant of LPS-treated BV2 cells and six groups of PC12 cells (control group, LPS group, TREM-2 WT + LPS group, TREM-2 over-expression + LPS group, siRNA control + LPS group, and siRNA TREM-2 + LPS group) were investigated. The mRNA levels of inflammatory mediators: Nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and Arginase-1(Arg-1) were quantified by using RT-PCR. Assessment of apoptosis in PC12 cells mediated by BV2 microglia was analyzed using TUNEL assays. The result showed that LPS stimulation significantly enhanced inducible iNOS (M1) production in BV2 cells (P < 0.01), and increased PC12 cells apoptosis (P < 0.01), while reduced the production of Arg-1 (M2) in BV2 cells (P < 0.01). These effects were attenuated by TREM-2 over-expression, but enhanced by TREM-2 silencing. It indicated that TREM-2 inhibited LPS-mediated neuronal apoptosis by down-regulating iNOS and up-regulating the expression of Arg-1 in BV2 microglia. Therefore, our findings may provide new insights in the regulation of TREM-2 on neuronal apoptosis via BV2 microglial M1/M2 modulation.
Subject(s)
Lipopolysaccharides , Microglia , Humans , Rats , Animals , PC12 Cells , Microglia/metabolism , Lipopolysaccharides/metabolism , Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology , Macrophages , RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism , RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacologySubject(s)
Hypertrophy/metabolism , Hypertrophy/pathology , Ligamentum Flavum/metabolism , Ligamentum Flavum/pathology , Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors/metabolism , Collagen Type I/metabolism , Collagen Type III/metabolism , Dinoprostone/metabolism , Extracellular Matrix/metabolism , Humans , Interleukin-1alpha/metabolism , Interleukin-6/metabolism , Lumbosacral Region , Matrix Metalloproteinase 13/metabolism , Nitric Oxide/metabolism , Spinal Canal/metabolism , Spinal Stenosis/metabolism , Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolismABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: A systematical investigation on the distribution of wild germplasm of Regonia fimbristipula in Dinghu District, Zhaoqing City, Guangdong Province was conducted at 8 sites. METHODS: Field quadrat survey method was carried out. RESULTS: Begonia fimbristipula had obvious phenotypical plasticity showing three phenotypes with red, green and bicolor leaf, respectively. Its populations lived in the ecological environment of rock. The growth and building of Begonia fimbristipula population were mutually influenced by many ecological factors such as natural habitat, slope-exposure, soil thickness, sunlight, air humidity as well as soil physical and chemical properties. CONCLUSION: Living environment vulnerability and human activities are the main reason causing sharp decrease of wild resources of Begonia fimbristipula. Evaluation on regional distribution of wild Begonia fimbristipula and its protection and use of the rationalization have important value.
Subject(s)
Begoniaceae/growth & development , Begoniaceae/genetics , Conservation of Natural Resources , Ecosystem , Begoniaceae/classification , China , Ecology , Genetics, Population , Plants, Medicinal/genetics , Plants, Medicinal/growth & development , SoilABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of different plant growth substance and activated charcoal on rooting in culture seedling of Begonia fimbristpula on Dinghushan mountain. METHODS: Tissue culture single factor experiment method was used. RESULTS: NAA 0. 3 mg/L + IBA 0. 2 mg/L preferably induction adventitious bud clump with corm to take rooting, but the number of adventitious root were less, short and small, callow shoot more germination. 300 mg/L activated carbon obviously increased radicate quality and inhibited fine buds point differentiation, root number up to 15.5 institia, root length range was 2.0-5.1 cm, root system developed. Tissue culture seedlings were higher, corn and leaf were good quality, strong growth. Took root of seedling cultivation with bulb for bush in the form of scattered bud planted to peat soil: perlite (3:1) mixed in matrix, after the transplant survival rate reached 100%, plant form seedlings fast, grew exuberant. CONCLUSION: MS with sucrose 30 g/L + NAA 0.3 mg/L + IBA 0.2 mg/L + activated carbon 300 mg/L + carrageenan 7.0 g/L as the tissue culture seedling of Begonia fimbristipula radicate system, is rapid propagation and preserve local unique plant in an effective way.
