ABSTRACT
Circular RNAs (circRNAs), characteristic of covalently closed loops generated by back-splicing, are a subclass of single-stranded RNA molecules. Owing to the circular structures, circRNAs are protected from exonuclease-induced degradation, which makes them more stable compared with linear RNAs. With the development of high-throughput sequencing technology and bioinformatics, the roles of circRNAs in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes have been increasingly revealed. Although the functions of most circRNAs remain largely elusive, accumulating studies have identified them as microRNA(miRNA) sponges, protein regulators, transcriptional regulators, protein templates, and so forth. In this review, we briefly describe the biogenesis of circRNAs and provide an overview on their functions in cancers, including miRNA sponges, protein regulators, transcriptional regulators, protein templates. Furthermore, we discuss the potential application of circRNAs as biomarkers and give insight into future perspectives.
Subject(s)
Neoplasms/genetics , RNA, Circular/genetics , RNA, Circular/metabolism , Biomarkers/metabolism , Computational Biology/methods , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics , Humans , MicroRNAs/genetics , RNA, Circular/biosynthesis , Transcription Factors/genetics , Transcriptome/geneticsABSTRACT
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a lethal gastrointestinal tract disease that occurs in premature infants. Adenosine receptor A2B (A2BR) regulates the inflammation cytokine secretion and immune cell infiltration in the colonic pathophysiology conditions. In the present study, we aim to determine the roles of A2BR in the development of NEC. A NEC rat model was established and treated with A2BR agonist-BAY60-6583 or A2BR antagonist-PSB1115. Animals in the control group were free from any interventions. Our results showed that the inhibition of A2BR PSB1115 improved intestinal injury and inflammation in newborn NEC rats. The expression levels of caspase-3 and the ratio of apoptotic cells were upregulated in NEC rats, and these indices were downregulated after treating with PSB1115 but further upregulated by BAY60-6583. Meanwhile, a similar trend was also witnessed in the changes of MPO activities and proinflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. However, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in the NECP group was significantly higher than that in the NEC and NECB groups (p < 0.05, respectively). Moreover, the expression of Ki67 was significantly increased in the NECP group as compared with those of the NEC and the NECB groups (p < 0.05, respectively). Collectively, our study suggested that the inhibition of A2BR attenuates NEC in the neonatal rat, at least partially through the modulation of inflammation and the induction of epithelial cell proliferation.
Subject(s)
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/drug therapy , Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/metabolism , Receptor, Adenosine A2B/metabolism , Adenosine A2 Receptor Agonists/therapeutic use , Aminopyridines/therapeutic use , Animals , Apoptosis/drug effects , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Immunohistochemistry , Interferon-gamma/metabolism , Interleukin-6/metabolism , Male , Peroxidase/metabolism , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism , Weight Loss/drug effectsABSTRACT
Monolithic integration of GaN-based phototransistors and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is reported. Starting with an LED epitaxial wafer, selective Si diffusion was performed to produce an n-p-i-n structure for the phototransistor. A traditional AlGaN bulk electron-blocking layer (EBL) can block electron injection from an emitter to a collector, thereby hindering the photocurrent amplification process. We used an LED wafer with a superlattice EBL; blocking can be removed under a bias of approximately 7 V and above. External quantum efficiencies of more than 100% and 600% at approximately 380 nm and 330 nm, respectively, were achieved at room temperature and a bias of 11 V, corresponding to responsivities of 0.31 and 1.6 A/W, respectively, significantly higher than commercially available ultraviolet (UV) detectors. Furthermore, we demonstrated an integrated operation of the device. UV light was detected using a phototransistor that sent signals to drive an integrated LED as an indicator.
ABSTRACT
Cationic liposome is a greatly promising gene carrier. In this paper, the structure trait of cationic liposome was briefly introduced, the mechanism of cationic liposomes mediated gene delivery and the main influencing factor of transfection efficiency in the transfection process were discussed chiefly.
