Dewatering performance of aerobic granular sludge under centrifugal with different sludge conditioning agent.

The aerobic granular sludge(AGS) technology draw scientific researchers attention, and more and more scientific research focuses on it, due to its superior advantages, such as good settling performance, high biological phase, high toxicity resistance and multiple biological effects. With the rapid development of AGS technology, a considerable amount of residual AGS will be produced, and dehydration is the biggest bottleneck of sludge reduction. This study investigated the dewatering process and method of residual AGS cultured by continuous flow experiment. Experiments were conducted using centrifugal dewatering technology with a dosing scheme to analyze the granular sludge dewatering process, and investigate the release process of EPS component in AGS dewatering. Our results implied the specific resistance of AGS has a very low value ((1.82 ± 0.03) × 109 m/kg) and it was not obvious for the conditioning effect of chemical conditioner on AGS dewatering. However, the moisture content can be reduced to 63.5% after dewatering with the presence of inorganic substances. The addition of drinking water treatment plant sludge (Alum sludge) can improve the efficiency of the dewatering of AGS. A possible dewatering process of AGS dewatering was proposed which was divided into two stages: First, a considerable amount of free water in the sludge was quickly removed under the action of gravity without pressure filtration. Second, the bound water release required cooperation between applying centrifugal or pressing force to grind granular cells and separate protein-like substances with the inorganic matter inside the granular sludge. The possible mechanism of AGS dewatering and hypothesis dewatering process are useful to optimize the AGS dewatering process.

Fabricating and investigating a beveled mesa with a specific inclination angle to improve electrical and optical performances for GaN-based micro-light-emitting diodes.

In this Letter, beveled mesas for 30 × 30 µm2 GaN-based micro-light-emitting diodes (µLEDs) with different inclination angles are designed, fabricated, and measured. We find that µLED with a mesa inclination angle of 28° has the lowest internal quantum efficiency (IQE) and the highest injection current density at which the peak IQE is obtained. This is due to the increased quantum confined Stark effect (QCSE) at the mesa edge. The increased QCSE results from the strong electric field coupling effect. Instead of radiative recombination, more nonradiative recombination and leakage current will be generated in the sidewall regions. Besides, the smallest angle (28°) also produces the lowest light extraction efficiency (LEE), which arises from the optical loss caused by the sidewall reflection at the beveled surface sides. Therefore, the inclination angle for the beveled mesa has to be increased to 52° and 61° by using Ni and SiO2 as hard masks, respectively. Experimental and numerical results show that the external quantum efficiency (EQE) and the optical power can be enhanced for the fabricated devices. Meanwhile, the reduced surface recombination rate also decreases the leakage current.

Discovery of dihydropyridinone derivative as a covalent EZH2 degrader.

EZH2 is overexpressed in multiple types of cancer and high expression level of EZH2 correlates with poor prognosis. Besides the regulation of H3K27 trimethylation, EZH2 itself regulates its downstream proteins in a PRC2- and methylation-independent way. Starting from an approved EZH2 inhibitor EPZ-6438, we used covalent drug design and medicinal chemistry approaches to discover a novel covalent EZH2 degrader 38, which forms a covalent bond with EZH2 Cys663 and showed strong biochemical activities against EZH2 WT and mutants. Compound 38 exhibited potent antiproliferation effects against both B-cell lymphoma and TNBC cell lines by reducing the levels of H3K27me3 and EZH2. The mass spectrometry, washout and competition experiments confirmed the covalent binding of 38 to EZH2. This study demonstrates that covalent EZH2 degraders could provide an opportunity for the development of promising new drug candidates.

Discovery of IHMT-337 as a potent irreversible EZH2 inhibitor targeting CDK4 transcription for malignancies.

Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), an enzymatic subunit of PRC2 complex, plays an important role in tumor development and progression through its catalytic and noncatalytic activities. Overexpression or gain-of-function mutations of EZH2 have been significantly associated with tumor cell proliferation of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). As a result, it has gained interest as a potential therapeutic target. The currently available EZH2 inhibitors, such as EPZ6438 and GSK126, are of benefit for clinical using or reached clinical trials. However, certain cancers are resistant to these enzymatic inhibitors due to its noncatalytic or transcriptional activity through modulating nonhistone proteins. Thus, it may be more effective to synergistically degrade EZH2 in addition to enzymatic inhibition. Here, through a rational design and chemical screening, we discovered a new irreversible EZH2 inhibitor, IHMT-337, which covalently bounds to and degrades EZH2 via the E3 ligase CHIP-mediated ubiquitination pathway. Moreover, we revealed that IHMT-337 affects cell cycle progression in TNBC cells through targeting transcriptional regulating of CDK4, a novel PRC2 complex- and enzymatic activity-independent function of EZH2. More significantly, our compound inhibits both DLBCL and TNBC cell proliferation in different preclinical models in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that in addition to enzymatic inhibition, destroying of EZH2 by IHMT-337 could be a promising therapeutic strategy for TNBC and other malignancies that are independent of EZH2 enzymatic activity.

Discovery of IHMT-EZH2-115 as a Potent and Selective Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2) Inhibitor for the Treatment of B-Cell Lymphomas.

The enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2) is the catalytic subunit of polycomb repressive complex 2 that catalyzes methylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27). Overexpression or mutation of EZH2 has been identified in hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. Based on the structure of EPZ6438 (1) and the binding model with PRC2, we designed a series of analogues aiming to improve the activities of EZH2 mutants. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) exploration at both enzymatic and cellular levels led to the discovery of inhibitor 29. In the biochemical assay, 29 inhibited EZH2 (IC50 = 26.1 nM) with high selectivity over other histone methyltransferases. It was also potent against EZH2 mutants (EZH2 Y641F, IC50 = 72.3 nM). Furthermore, it showed no apparent inhibitory activity against the human ether-á-go-go related gene (hERG) (IC50 > 30 µM). In vivo, 29 exhibited favorable pharmacokinetic properties for oral administration and showed better efficacy than 1 in both Pfeiffer and Karpas-422 cell-mediated xenograft mouse models, indicating that it might be a new potential therapeutic candidate for EZH2 mutant cancers.

Discovery of (E)-N-(4-methyl-5-(3-(2-(pyridin-2-yl)vinyl)-1H-indazol-6-yl)thiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetamide (IHMT-TRK-284) as a novel orally available type II TRK kinase inhibitor capable of overcoming multiple resistant mutants.

Due to the critical tumorigenic role of fused NTRK genes in multiple cancers, TRK kinases have attracted extensive attention as a drug discovery target. Starting from an indazole based scaffold, through the type II kinase inhibitor fragments hybrid design approach with a ring closure strategy, we discovered a novel potent type II TRK kinase inhibitor compound 34 (IHMT-TRK-284), which exhibited IC50 values of 10.5 nM, 0.7 nM and 2.6 nM to TRKA, B, and C respectively. In addition, it displayed great selectivity profile in the kinome when tested among 468 kinases and mutants (S score (1) = 0.02 at 1 µM). Importantly, 34 could overcome drug resistant mutants including V573M and F589L in the ATP binding pocket as well as G667C/S in the DFG region. In vivo, 34 exhibited good PK profiles in different species including mice, rats, and dogs. It also displayed good in vivo antitumor efficacies in the TRKA/B/C, TRKA mutants, and KM-12-LUC cells mediated mouse models. The potent activity against clinically important TRK mutants combined with the good in vivo PK and efficacy properties of 34 indicated that it might be a new potential therapeutic candidate for TRK kinase fusion or mutants driven cancers.

An Unusual Benzoisoquinoline-9-one Derivative and Other Related Compounds with Antiproliferative Activity from Hawaiian Endophytic Fungus Peyronellaea sp. FT431.

A new polyketide containing the benzoisoquinoline-9-one moiety, peyronetide A (1), and three other new derivatives peyronetides B⁻D (2⁻4), as well as one known compound (5) were purified from the cultured broth of the endophytic fungus Peyronellaea sp. FT431, which was isolated from the Hawaiian indigenous plant, Verbena sp. The structures of the new compounds were determined through the analysis of HRMS and NMR spectroscopic data. Compounds 1, 2, and 5 showed cytotoxic activities against TK-10 (human kidney adenocarcinoma cells), cisplatin sensitive A2780S (human ovarian carcinoma cells), and cisplatin resistant A2780CisR cell lines, with IC50 values between 6.7 to 29.2 µM.

Discovery of N-(5-((5-chloro-4-((2-(isopropylsulfonyl)phenyl)amino)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)-4-methoxy-2-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)phenyl)acrylamide (CHMFL-ALK/EGFR-050) as a potent ALK/EGFR dual kinase inhibitor capable of overcoming a variety of ALK/EGFR associated drug resistant mutants in NSCLC.

Recently, more and more concomitant EGFR mutations and ALK rearrangement are observed from the clinic, which still lacks effective single-agent therapy. Starting from ALK inhibitor 14 (TAE684), we have developed a highly potent EGFR/ALK dual kinase inhibitor compound 18 (CHMFL-ALK/EGFR-050), which potently inhibited EGFR L858R, del 19 and T790M mutants as well as EML4-ALK, R1275Q, L1196M, F1174L and C1156Y mutants biochemically. Compound 18 significantly inhibited the proliferation of EGFR mutant and EML4-ALK driven NSCLC cell lines. In the cellular context it strongly affected EGFR and ALK mediated signaling pathways, induced apoptosis and arrested cell cycle at G0/G1 phase. In the in vivo studies, 18 significantly suppressed the tumor growth in H1975 cell inoculated xenograft model (40 mg/kg/d, TGI: 99%) and H3122 cell inoculated xenograft model (40 mg/kg/d, TGI: 78%). Compound 18 might be a potential drug candidate for EGFR- or ALK-individual as well as concomitant EGFR/ALK NSCLC.

Structure-activity relationship investigation for benzonaphthyridinone derivatives as novel potent Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) irreversible inhibitors.

Through a structure-based drug design approach, a tricyclic benzonaphthyridinone pharmacophore was used as a starting point for carrying out detailed medicinal structure-activity relationhip (SAR) studies geared toward characterization of a panel of proposed BTK inhibitors, including 6 (QL-X-138), 7 (BMX-IN-1) and 8 (QL47). These studies led to the discovery of the novel potent irreversible BTK inhibitor, compound 18 (CHMFL-BTK-11). Kinetic analysis of compound 18 revealed an irreversible binding efficacy (kinact/Ki) of 0.01 µM-1s-1. Compound 18 potently inhibited BTK kinase Y223 auto-phosphorylation (EC50 < 100 nM), arrested cell cycle in G0/G1 phase, and induced apoptosis in Ramos, MOLM13 and Pfeiffer cells. We believe these features would make 18 a good pharmacological tool for studying BTK-related pathologies.

Effect of pharmaceutical care on clinical outcomes of outpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: In the People's Republic of China, outpatients have limited time with their physicians. Thus, compared to inpatients, outpatients have lower medication adherence and are less knowledgeable about their disease. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of pharmaceutical care on clinical outcomes of outpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A randomized, controlled, prospective clinical trial was conducted recruiting a total of 240 T2DM outpatients from Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University. The control group (CG) received only common care from medical staff, whereas the inter vention group (IG) received extra pharmaceutical care from clinical pharmacists. Biochemical data such as blood pressure (BP), fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin A1 (HbA1c), and blood lipid were collected before and after 6-month intervention. The primary end points in this study were FBG and HbA1c. RESULTS: After the intervention, most of the baseline clinical outcomes of the patients in IG significantly improved, while only body mass index, diastolic BP, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and total cholesterol (TC) improved significantly in patients in the CG. Compared to CG, in IG, there were significant improvements in FBG, HbA1c, TC, the target attainment rates of HbA1c, and BP. CONCLUSION: Pharmaceutical care provided by clinical pharmacists could improve the control of diabetes of outpatients, and clinical pharmacists could play an important role in diabetes management.

Discovery of N-(3-(5-((3-acrylamido-4-(morpholine-4-carbonyl)phenyl)amino)-1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)-2-methylphenyl)-4-(tert-butyl)benzamide (CHMFL-BTK-01) as a highly selective irreversible Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor.

Currently there are several irreversible BTK inhibitors targeting Cys481 residue under preclinical or clinical development. However, most of these inhibitors also targeted other kinases such as BMX, JAK3, and EGFR that bear the highly similar active cysteine residues. Through a structure-based drug design approach, we discovered a highly potent (IC50: 7 nM) irreversible BTK inhibitor compound 9 (CHMFL-BTK-01), which displayed a high selectivity profile in KINOMEscan (S score (35) = 0.00) among 468 kinases/mutants at the concentration of 1 µM. Compound 9 completely abolished BMX, JAK3 and EGFR's activity. Both X-ray crystal structure and cysteine-serine mutation mediated rescue experiment confirmed 9's irreversible binding mode. 9 also potently inhibited BTK Y223 auto-phosphorylation (EC50: <30 nM), arrested cell cycle in G0/G1 phase and induced apoptosis in U2932 and Pfeiffer cells. We believe these features would make 9 a good pharmacological tool to study the BTK related pathology.

Irreversible inhibition of BTK kinase by a novel highly selective inhibitor CHMFL-BTK-11 suppresses inflammatory response in rheumatoid arthritis model.

BTK plays a critical role in the B cell receptor mediated inflammatory signaling in the rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Through a rational design approach we discovered a highly selective and potent BTK kinase inhibitor (CHMFL-BTK-11) which exerted its inhibitory efficacy through a covalent bond with BTK Cys481. CHMFL-BTK-11 potently blocked the anti-IgM stimulated BCR signaling in the Ramos cell lines and isolated human primary B cells. It significantly inhibited the LPS stimulated TNF-α production in the human PBMC cells but only weakly affecting the normal PBMC cell proliferation. In the adjuvant-induced arthritis rat model, CHMFL-BTK-11 ameliorated the inflammatory response through blockage of proliferation of activated B cells, inhibition of the secretion of the inflammatory factors such as IgG1, IgG2, IgM, IL-6 and PMΦ phagocytosis, stimulation of secretion of IL-10. The high specificity of CHMFL-BTK-11 makes it a useful pharmacological tool to further detect BTK mediated signaling in the pathology of RA.

Synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole hydrazide derivatives exhibiting anti-phytopathogenic activity.

A series of new 1,2,3-triazole derivatives have been prepared and screened for their antifungal activity against phytopathogenic fungi using the mycelium growth inhibition method in vitro. The results indicated that the 1,2,3-triazole hydrazide scaffold displayed significant antifungal activity. Compound 6ad exhibited the most potent anti-phytopathogenic activity, with EC50 values of 0.18, 0.35, 0.37 and 2.25 µg mL-1 against Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Fusarium graminearum, and Magnaporthe oryzae, respectively. In vivo testing demonstrated that 6ad was effective for the control of rice sheath blight, rape sclerotinia rot, fusarium head blight and rice blast caused by the aforementioned phytopathogens. This work suggests that the combination of 1,2,3-triazole and hydrazide moiety could be a promising fungicide scaffold in the future.

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Benzimidazole Phenylhydrazone Derivatives as Antifungal Agents against Phytopathogenic Fungi.

A series of benzimidazole phenylhydrazone derivatives (6a-6ai) were synthesized and characterized by ¹H-NMR, ESI-MS, and elemental analysis. The structure of 6b was further confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction as (E)-configuration. All the compounds were screened for antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani and Magnaporthe oryzae employing a mycelium growth rate method. Compound 6f exhibited significant inhibitory activity against R. solani and M. oryzae with the EC50 values of 1.20 and 1.85 µg/mL, respectively. In vivo testing demonstrated that 6f could effectively control the development of rice sheath blight (RSB) and rice blast (RB) caused by the above two phytopathogens. This work indicated that the compound 6f with a benzimidazole phenylhydrazone scaffold could be considered as a leading structure for the development of novel fungicides.

Discovery of a Highly Selective STK16 Kinase Inhibitor.

STK16, a serine/threonine protein kinase, is ubiquitously expressed and is conserved among all eukaryotes. STK16 has been implicated to function in a variety of cellular processes such as VEGF and cargo secretion, but the pathways through which these effects are mediated remain to be elucidated. Through screening of our focused library of kinase inhibitors, we discovered a highly selective ATP competitive inhibitor, STK16-IN-1, which exhibits potent inhibitory activity against STK16 kinase (IC50: 0.295 µM) with excellent selectivity across the kinome as assessed using the KinomeScan profiling assay (S score (1) = 0.0). In MCF-7 cells, treatment with STK16-IN-1 results in a reduction in cell number and accumulation of binucleated cells, which can be recapitulated by RNAi knockdown of STK16. Co-treatment of STK16-IN-1 with chemotherapeutics such as cisplatin, doxorubicin, colchicine, and paclitaxel results in a slight potentiation of the antiproliferative effects of the chemotherapeutics. STK16-IN-1 provides a useful tool compound for further elucidating the biological functions of STK16.

Synthesis and antifungal activity of 1,2,3-triazole phenylhydrazone derivatives.

A series of 1,2,3-triazole phenylhydrazone derivatives were designed and synthesized as antifungal agents. Their structures were determined based on (1)H-NMR spectroscopy, MS, elemental analysis and X-ray single-crystal diffraction. The antifungal activities were evaluated against four phytopathogenic fungi including Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Fusarium graminearum and Phytophthora capsici, by the mycelium growth inhibition method in vitro. Compound 5p exhibited significant anti-phytopathogenic activity, with the EC50 values of 0.18, 2.28, 1.01, and 1.85 µg mL(-1), respectively. In vivo testing demonstrated that 5p was effective in the control of rice sheath blight, rape sclerotinia rot and fusarium head blight. A 3D-QSAR model was built for a systematic SAR profile to explore more potent 1,2,3-triazole phenylhydrazone analogs as novel fungicides.

High versus low vancomycin serum trough regimen for Gram-positive infections: a meta-analysis.

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of high vancomycin serum trough concentrations (≧15 mg/l) on clinical outcomes and nephrotoxicity among adult subjects. We searched MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and CNKI systematically. A total of 17 studies were included. Meta-analysis found that high trough group showed no significant difference comparing to low trough group in treatment failure [relative risk (RR) 0·91, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·67-1·24; P = 0·57] and all-cause mortality (RR 1·14, 95% CI 0·81-1·59; P = 0·46). However, the high trough concentrations were associated with lower treatment failure in bacteremia subgroup (RR 0·72, 95% CI 0·59-0·88; P = 0·001). High trough concentrations were associated with an increased risk of vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity (RR 2·06, 95% CI 1·52-2·79; P<0·00001). Our meta-analysis indicates that high trough concentrations were not significantly superior to low trough concentrations in lowering treatment failure and mortality. Moreover, high trough concentrations significantly increased the risk of nephrotoxicity.

Upregulation of IGF1R by mutant RAS in leukemia and potentiation of RAS signaling inhibitors by small-molecule inhibition of IGF1R.

PURPOSE: Activating mutations in the RAS oncogene occur frequently in human leukemias. Direct targeting of RAS has proven to be challenging, although targeting of downstream RAS mediators, such as MEK, is currently being tested clinically. Given the complexity of RAS signaling, it is likely that combinations of targeted agents will be more effective than single agents. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: A chemical screen using RAS-dependent leukemia cells was developed to identify compounds with unanticipated activity in the presence of an MEK inhibitor and led to identification of inhibitors of IGF1R. Results were validated using cell-based proliferation, apoptosis, cell-cycle, and gene knockdown assays; immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting; and a noninvasive in vivo bioluminescence model of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). RESULTS: Mechanistically, IGF1R protein expression/activity was substantially increased in mutant RAS-expressing cells, and suppression of RAS led to decreases in IGF1R. Synergy between MEK and IGF1R inhibitors correlated with induction of apoptosis, inhibition of cell-cycle progression, and decreased phospho-S6 and phospho-4E-BP1. In vivo, NSG mice tail veins injected with OCI-AML3-luc+ cells showed significantly lower tumor burden following 1 week of daily oral administration of 50 mg/kg NVP-AEW541 (IGF1R inhibitor) combined with 25 mg/kg AZD6244 (MEK inhibitor), as compared with mice treated with either agent alone. Drug combination effects observed in cell-based assays were generalized to additional mutant RAS-positive neoplasms. CONCLUSIONS: The finding that downstream inhibitors of RAS signaling and IGF1R inhibitors have synergistic activity warrants further clinical investigation of IGF1R and RAS signaling inhibition as a potential treatment strategy for RAS-driven malignancies.

Discovery of a potent, covalent BTK inhibitor for B-cell lymphoma.

BTK is a member of the TEC family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases whose deregulation has been implicated in a variety of B-cell-related diseases. We have used structure-based drug design in conjunction with kinome profiling and cellular assays to develop a potent, selective, and irreversible BTK kinase inhibitor, QL47, which covalently modifies Cys481. QL47 inhibits BTK kinase activity with an IC50 of 7 nM, inhibits autophosphorylation of BTK on Tyr223 in cells with an EC50 of 475 nM, and inhibits phosphorylation of a downstream effector PLCγ2 (Tyr759) with an EC50 of 318 nM. In Ramos cells QL47 induces a G1 cell cycle arrest that is associated with pronounced degradation of BTK protein. QL47 inhibits the proliferation of B-cell lymphoma cancer cell lines at submicromolar concentrations.

Aliskiren vs. other antihypertensive drugs in the treatment of hypertension: a meta-analysis.

To investigate the antihypertensive effects and tolerability of aliskiren in comparison with other antihypertensive drugs and placebo in patients with hypertension, a meta-analysis was performed of studies published between 1950 and 2012. A systematic literature search of MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library was conducted for randomized controlled trials. Weighted mean differences and relative risk with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for continuous and dichotomous data, respectively. In all, 14 studies with 6741 participants were included in the present meta-analysis. Nine studies included trial arms with placebo, four included angiotensin (Ang) AT1 receptor blockers (ARBs), three included Ang-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), two included calcium channel blockers (CCBs), one included a ß-blocker, and one included hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ). We found that aliskiren, which lowered blood pressure (BP) effectively in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension, was similar to HCTZ but inferior to CCBs in BP reduction, response rates and control rates. Furthermore, aliskiren was superior to ACEIs in lowering diastolic BP (DBP), while it had similar effects to ACEIs on systolic BP (SBP) reduction, response rates and control rates. Additionally, the present meta-analysis showed the superiority of atenolol over aliskiren in DBP reduction and BP response but showed that atenolol was inferior in SBP reduction and BP control. No difference was found in the rates of therapeutic response between aliskiren and ARBs, while more patients achieved BP control with aliskiren. Further studies will be needed to determine the antihypertensive effects and tolerability of aliskiren in comparison with other antihypertensive drugs.