Could admission level of uric acid predict total diuretic dose in acute heart failure?

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown that increases in serum UA levels are associated with adverse clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF); the aim of this study was to determine the relationship between serum uric acid and total diuretic dose received during hospitalization in hospitalized patients with acute exacerbation of heart failure. The main purpose of this study is to determine the role of uric acid as a biomarker that can be a substitute for pro-BNP in clinical evaluation and the need for diuretics in hospitalized patients with acute heart failure. METHODS: After approving the plan in the Research Council of the Heart Department and obtaining an ethical code from the Regional Committee on Research Ethics (Human Subjects Studies), the researcher referred to the archives of our center, the case of 100 patients diagnosed with acute heart failure. Cardiac patients were selected, and the information required for the study was collected using a pre-prepared data collection form, and the information was entered into SPSS software after categorization and appropriate analysis and statistical tests were performed on it. Were performed and in all statistical tests the statistical significance level was considered 0.05: RESULTS: 100 patients with acute heart failure were included in this study with a mean age of 63.43 ± 14.78 years. 66% of them were men. The mean dose of furosemide in these patients was 680.92 ± 377.47 mg and the mean serum uric acid level in these patients was 8.55 ± 2.50 mg / dL. In the study of the relationship between the variables, there was a significant relationship between the dose of furosemide received with the serum level of serum uric acid (P = 0.017, r = 0.248 and P = 0.009, r = -0.267, respectively). There is also a significant relationship between serum uric acid level and patient mortality (P = 0.013, r = 0.247). However this relationship lost its significance after multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: There is a significant relationship between serum uric acid level and diuretic use. However, in-hospital mortality is not related to uric acid levels at admission.

Heart failure: a prevalence-based and model-based cost analysis.

Introduction: Heart failure (HF) imposes a heavy economic burden on patients, their families, and society as a whole. Therefore, it is crucial to quantify the impact and dimensions of the disease in order to prioritize and allocate resources effectively. Methods: This study utilized a prevalence-based, bottom-up, and incidence-based Markov model to assess the cost of illness. A total of 502 HF patients (classes I-IV) were recruited from Madani Hospital in Tabriz between May and October 2022. Patients were followed up every two months for a minimum of two and a maximum of six months using a person-month measurement approach. The perspective of the study was societal, and both direct and indirect costs were estimated. Indirect costs were calculated using the Human Capital (HC) method. A two-part regression model, consisting of the Generalized Linear Model (GLM) and Probit model, was used to analyze the relationship between HF costs and clinical and demographic variables. Results: The total cost per patient in one year was 261,409,854.9 Tomans (21,967.21 PPP). Of this amount, 207,147,805.8 Tomans (17,407.38 PPP) (79%) were indirect costs, while 54,262,049.09 Tomans (4,559.84 PPP) (21%) were direct costs. The mean lifetime cost was 2,173,961,178 Tomans. Premature death accounted for the highest share of lifetime costs (48%), while class III HF had the lowest share (2%). Gender, having basic insurance, and disease class significantly influenced the costs of HF, while comorbidity and age did not have a significant impact. The predicted amount closely matched the observed amount, indicating good predictive power. Conclusion: This study revealed that HF places a significant economic burden on patients in terms of both direct and indirect costs. The substantial contribution of indirect costs, which reflect the impact of the disease on other sectors of the economy, highlights the importance of unpaid work. Given the significant variation in HF costs among assessed variables, social and financial support systems should consider these variations to provide efficient and fair support to HF patients.

Short-term outcomes following total correction of tetralogy of fallot in adult patients.

OBJECTIVES: Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a common congenital heart disease which should be corrected. The recommended time for the Tetralogy of Fallot Total Correction (TFTC) surgery is during the infancy for the possible difficulties during the surgery and the related issues. However, sometimes TOF is diagnosed and managed during the adulthood. METHODS: This study is a descriptive and retrospective one which included all patients who underwent TFTC at the age of 15-year and older in 10 years (between the years 2010 and 2020) to identify short-term (in-hospital mortality, ICU stay, postoperative bleeding, respiratory complications after the surgery such as pulmonary edema, pneumonia, etc.) and one-year (left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF), right ventricle (RV) ejection fraction, the severity of tricuspid and aortic regurgitation after surgery) outcomes. All data were taken from medical records at Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22. RESULTS: 94 patients with the mean ± SD age of 26.7 ± 9.6 years were enrolled. Most of them were male (59.6%) (P-value: 0.009). In-hospital mortality in our study were 5.3%. Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) was significantly resolved after the surgery (P-value: 0.006). Of 17 (18.1%) patients with small or hypoplastic pulmonary artery (PA) branches, 14 patients had acceptable PA branch size after surgery. CONCLUSION: TFTC at an older age is safe with acceptable results. Age is not a contraindication for TFTC and surgery should be recommended if the patients are diagnosed with TOF in adulthood. Also, the TOF diagnosis should be considered in adult patients with suspicious signs and symptoms.

Predictors of readmission in hospitalized heart failure patients.

Introduction: Heart failure(HF) related hospitalization constitutes a significant proportion of healthcare cost. Unchanging rates of readmission during recent years, shows the importance of addressing this problem. Methods: Patients admitted with heart failure diagnosis in our institution during April 2018to August 2018 were selected. Clinical, para-clinical and imaging data were recorded. All included patients were followed up for 6 months. The primary endpoints of the study were prevalence of early readmission and the predictors of that. Secondary end points were in-hospital and 6-month post-discharge mortality rate and late readmission rate. Results: After excluding 94 patients due to missing data, 428 patients were selected. Mean age of patients was 58.5 years (±17.4) and 61% of patients were male. During follow-up, 99patients (24%) were readmitted. Early re-admission (30-day) occurred in 27 of the patients(6.6%). The predictors of readmission were older age (P = 0.006), lower LVEF (P <0.0001), higher body weight (P = 0.01), ICD/CRT implantation (P = 0.001), Lower sodium (P = 0.01), higher Pro-BNP(P = 0.01), Higher WBC count (P = 0.01) and higher BUN level (P = 0.02). Independent predictors of early readmission were history of device implantation (P = 0.007), lower LVEF (P = 0.016), QRS duration more than 120 ms (P = 0.037), higher levels of BUN (P = 0.008), higher levels of Pro-BNP(P = 0.037) and higher levels of uric acid (P = 0.035). Secondary end points including in-hospital and 6-month post-discharge mortality occurred in 11% and 14.4% of patients respectively. Conclusion: Lower age of our heart failure patients and high prevalence of ischemic cardiomyopathy, necessitate focusing on more preventable factors related to heart failure.

Left atrial appendage shape impacts on the left atrial flow hemodynamics: A numerical hypothesis generating study on two cases.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The left atrial appendage (LAA) is the most common region for thrombus formation in atrial fibrillation (AF). Morphological parameters such as shape, size, and LAA volume can cause insufficient effectiveness of available therapeutic options. This study aimed to examine blood flow inside LAA and its removal effects. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations were carried out on two patients with different morphologies. METHODS: Two patients' CT was used to reconstruct the 3D geometries of the left atrium (LA) and left atrial appendage (LAA). Then, the geometries were refined in the mentioned software, and the LAA in some models was removed. Next, in generated 3D volume mesh, sinus rhythm (SR) and atrial fibrillation (AF) outflow velocity were imposed at the mitral valve as boundary conditions. Finally, CFD simulation was conducted to analyzing blood flow within LA with/without LA. RESULTS: The results confirmed that velocity and vorticity decreased under AF conditions inside the LA domain for both patients. However, removing LAA may cause unpredictable consequences, due to different shape and volume of LAA. LAA removal had insignificant effects on velocity and vorticity within LA in SR-mitral outflow. However, removing LAA increased the blood flow rate by 9.15% and vorticity by 7.27% for patient one under AF rhythm (SR)-outflow. In contrast, for patient two, LAA removal in both AF and SR decreased velocity and vorticity within the LA domain. In SR-mitral outflow, velocity dropped by 18.8 %, and vorticity by 13.2%. Also, under AF velocity and vorticity decreased by 23.33% and 18.6% respectively. Meanwhile, the results indicated that the vorticity magnitude increased inside the LAA under AF associated with the risk of thrombus formation, particularly for patient one under AF. The distal part of LAA in both patients was the most common region for blood stasis because of the lowest velocity magnitude. CONCLUSION: Overall, the morphology of LAA could be the critical parameter to determine the possibility of thrombosis formation, particularly under AF conditions. High volume, low blood flow velocity and two-lobe-appendage are more likely to have blood stasis. Furthermore, the morphology difference can affect the LAA removal result and make it more complicated. So, it could be challenging to generalize LAA removal as a therapeutic option for different patients. The implication of this CFD observation needs more investigation.

Prognostic significance of insulin resistance in pulmonary hypertension.

AIMS: The relationship between insulin resistance (IR) and glucose intolerance with pulmonary hypertension (PH) has been suggested in recent investigations. In the present study, we aimed to show the prevalence of IR and its correlation with haemodynamic variables as well as its prognostic significance in this group of patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: Among 100 new and returning patients with PH, scheduled for right heart catheterization (RHC), 59 non-diabetic patients were enrolled. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was used to assess IR. The study population were followed up for a median (interquartile range) of 48 (23-48) months for all-cause mortalities. Most of the study population [mean (standard deviation) age of 45.9 (17.3)] were classified as class I of PH classification (47.5%). Overall, 27% of our study population had IR considering the Iranian cut points of HOMA-IR. The prevalence of IR in non-diabetic, non-metabolic syndrome patients with precapillary PH (PAH) was 34.2%, which was higher than the prevalence of IR in non-diabetic, non-metabolic syndrome Iranian population (24.1%). There was no difference between IR and insulin sensitive (IS) groups regarding demographic and clinical findings, 6 min walk test, and laboratory and haemodynamic data in univariable and multivariable analyses. The mortality rate in the follow-up period was 44.1%. The survival of patient with IR was slightly lower than IS patients; however, IR was not an independent predictor of death. CONCLUSIONS: The glucose metabolism is dysregulated in patients with PH, and IR may increase the risk of adverse events among these patients.

Preconception consultation using treadmill exercise stress echocardiography for pregnant women with the left-sided heart valve stenosis: A preliminary report.

OBJECTIVE: Pregnancy can increase gradients across the heart valves and consequently deteriorates maternal and fetoneonatal conditions. Hence, pregnancy during heart valve diseases can be challenging and we need to risk stratify patients before conception. We tried to assess the role of preconception consultation using treadmill stress echocardiography (TSE) testing for identifying pregnancy outcomes in women with mitral valve stenosis (MS) or aortic valve stenosis (AS). METHODS: Pregnant patients with a diagnosis of MS or AS were evaluated from January 2015 to December 2018. First group included patients undergoing the TSE testing and they were permitted to get pregnant if they met pre-defined criteria. Second group comprised women who did not undergo TSE testing. Maternal and fetoneonatal outcomes were also recorded. RESULTS: A total of 29 and 18 patients with MS and AS, respectively, were recruited. Among MS patients, individuals without TSE had more functional deterioration (11.1% vs. 35%) and more fetoneonatal events (FNE) (22.2% vs. 55%) compared with those undergoing TSE. The rates of maternal events and mitral valvuloplasty during pregnancy were significantly higher in patients without TSE compared with those undergoing TSE (p=0.015 and p=0.042, respectively). Among AS patients, maternal and FNE were higher in patients without TSE compared with those undergoing TSE, but those were comparable. CONCLUSION: Pregnant patients with the left-sided valvular stenosis who received preconception TSE testing had better outcomes compared with those who did not undergo preconception consultation. This underscores the utility of stress echocardiography in the risk stratification of pregnancies.

The prediction of right atrial pressure using electrocardiogram: a novel approach.

AIMS: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a serious disorder that can complicate pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. Right atrial (RA) pressure is a robust predictor of the pulmonary hypertension severity, which is measured via right heart catheterization. Limited studies have been carried out to assess the association between electrocardiogram data and the RA pressure as a prognostic factor of PH. In this study, the relation between P wave and PR segment changes with RA pressure was evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study, 94 patients in PH groups of 1, 3, and 4, based on the World Health Organization classification, were entered. RA pressure was measured using the right heart catheterization. PR segment and P wave morphology in leads II and V1 were evaluated in patient's electrocardiogram. The median age of the patients was 35.5 years old in which 64.9% of them were female. The distribution of patients in groups 1, 3, and 4 PH were 77.7%, 5.3%, and 17%, respectively. Among the studied P wave and PR segment changes, PR segment depression in lead II and pulmonary P wave in lead V1 had significant relation with the RA pressure (P-value <0.001). The sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive values of PR segment depression for detection of patients with high RA pressure (RA pressure > 14 mmHg) were 80%, 84%, and 94%. The specificity and negative predictive values of pulmonary P wave in lead V1 were determined 89% and 88%. CONCLUSIONS: It was found that the PR segment depression in lead II and pulmonary P wave in lead V1 associate with the RA pressure in patients with precapillary PH. PR segment depression had useful sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive values, and the pulmonary P wave in lead V1 had acceptable specificity and negative predictive values for detection of patients with high RA pressure. Therefore, the electrocardiogram can be used as a screening tool for determination of pulmonary hypertension severity.

Targeted treatment in viral-associated inflammatory cardiomyopathy.

Detection of viruses like HHV-6 in endomyocardial biopsy or serum serology of patients with myocarditis or heart failure features unresponsive to conventional heart failure therapies could be a potential targeted treatment especially in refractory cases.

Saw tooth cardiomyopathy: a case report.

Saw tooth cardiomyopathy is an unusual and rare type of left ventricular dysplasia that is characterized by multiple projections of compacted myocardium that makes the appearance of 'saw tooth' in noninvasive imaging. We present a young man with signs and symptoms of heart failure and reduced left ventricular function in echocardiography who showed distinctive left ventricle features of saw tooth cardiomyopathy (saw tooth appearance of myocardium in basal inferolateral and basal to mid lateral segments) in cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.

Angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor in inotrope dependent heart failure patients: A case series.

Patients with advanced heart failure (HF) symptoms constitute stage D heart failure with high mortality and less response to conventional guideline directed medical therapies. These patients are subjected to receive non-medical therapies including heart transplant or mechanical circulatory support for increasing survival. Considering the low availability and serious complications of these strategies,effective medical therapies for this group of patients would be pivotal for decreasing mortality and morbidity of them. Angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) is a class of drugs approved for ambulatory heart failure patients. ARNI use like other groups of heart failure drugs has not been fully evaluated in end-stage heart failure patients. Herein, we describe four inotrope-dependent heart failure patients. Initiation of ARNI in these patients, lead to discontinuation of inotrope and reducing the need for inotrope in the follow-up period.